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Selenium Webdriver - Wait Support

Selenium Webdriver can be used in association with explicit, implicit, and fluent waits to achieve synchronization and provide Wait support. The waits are mainly applied in the tests to deal with dynamic web pages.

Often there lies some lag time before the whole page loads, and web elements are completely available on the web page. The waits available in Selenium Webdriver help to hold back the test execution till an element appears/disappears on a web page in its correct state.

Let us discuss some of the wait types in Selenium Webdriver −

Implicit Wait

It is the default wait available in Selenium. It is a kind of global wait applicable to the whole driver session. The default wait time is 0, meaning if an element is not found, an error will be thrown straight away. However, if a wait time is set, an error will be thrown once the wait time surpasses. Once the element is identified, its reference is returned and execution moves to the next step. We should use implicit wait in an optimal way, a larger wait time would increase the execution time of the tests.

Syntax

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

In the above example, a NoSuchElementException will be thrown after 15 seconds.

Explicit Wait

It is similar to loops added to code that poll the web page for a particular scenario to become true prior exiting the loop and moving to the next line of code. If the situation is unfulfilled within the time set out, a timeout exception will be thrown.The explicit waits are applied to a specific element with its condition with the help of the ExpectedConditions and WebDriverWait classes. Some of the expected conditions for explicit waits are −

titleContains, alertIsPresent, invisibilityOfElementLocated(By locator), 
titleIs(), invisibilityOfElementWithText(By locator, String s), 
visibilityOf(), textToBePresentInElement(By locator, String s), 
visibilityOfElementLocated(By locator), visibilityOfAllElements(), 
presenceOfAllElementsLocatedBy(By locator), 
presenceOfElementLocated(By locator), 
elementToBeClickable(By locator), stalenessOf(WebElement e), 
textToBePresentInElementValue(), 
textToBePresentInElementLocated(), 
elementSelectionStateToBe(), 
elementToBeSelected(), 
frameToBeAvaliableAndSwitchToIt()

We should be cautious while adding both implicit and explicit waits in the same driver session, for instance having a combination of explicit wait of 15 seconds and implicit wait of 10 seconds can result in a timeout to occur after 20 seconds.

Syntax

WebDriverWait wt = new WebDriverWait(driver,5);
wt.until(ExpectedConditions.invisibilityOfElementLocated
   (By.xpath("//*[@class='mui−btn']")));

In the above example, a TimeOutException will be thrown after 5 seconds in case the expected condition of an element to be invisible is not met within that specified time.

Fluent Wait

This is the maximum time the driver waits for a specific condition for an element to be true. It also determines the interval at which the driver will verify(polling interval) prior to locating an element or throwing an exception. The fluent wait is a customized explicit wait which gives the option to handle specific exceptions automatically along with customized messages when an exception occurs. The FluentWait class is used to add fluent waits to tests.

Syntax

Wait wt = new FluentWait(driver).withTimeout(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
   .pollingEvery(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS) 
   .ignoring(ElementNotInteractableException.class);
   
wt.until(ExpectedConditions.titleIs("Tutorialspoint"));

In the above example, timeout and polling interval are specified meaning that the driver would wait for 20 seconds and perform a polling in an interval of 5 seconds within the timeout time for the Tutorialspoint browser title condition to be met. If the condition is not satisfied, within that time frame, an exception will be thrown, else the next step will be executed.

Let us take an example of the below image, where we would first click on the Click Me button.

Selenium Wait Support 1

After clicking on the Click Me, we would use explicit wait and wait for the presence of the text You have done a dynamic click to be available on a web page.

Selenium Wait Support 2

Syntax

Syntax on explicit wait −

Webdriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

// identify button then click on it
WebElement l = driver.findElement
   (By.xpath("/html/body/main/div/div/div[2]/button[1]"));
l.click();

// Identify text
WebElement e = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='welcomeDiv']"));

// explicit wait to expected condition for presence of a text
WebDriverWait wt = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(2));

wt.until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated
   (By.xpath("//*[@id='welcomeDiv']")));

// get text
System.out.println("Get text after clicking: " + e.getText());

Example

Code Implementation on ExplicitsWait.java class file.

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class ExplicitsWait {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/buttons.php");

      // identify button then click on it
      WebElement l = driver.findElement(By.xpath("/html/body/main/div/div/div[2]/button[1]"));
      l.click();

      // Identify text
      WebElement e = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='welcomeDiv']"));

      // explicit wait to expected condition for presence of a text
      WebDriverWait wt = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(2));
      wt.until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.xpath("//*[@id='welcomeDiv']")));
      
      // get text
      System.out.println("Get text after clicking: " + e.getText());

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

Output

Get text after clicking: You have done a dynamic click

Process finished with exit code 0

In the above example, the text obtained after clicking on the Click Me button was You have done a dynamic click.

Finally, the message Process finished with exit code 0 was received, signifying successful execution of the code.

Let us take another example of the below page where we would first click the Color Change button.

Selenium Wait Support 3

After clicking on the Color Change, we would use fluent wait and wait for the presence of the button Visible After 5 Seconds to be available on a web page.

Selenium Wait Support 4

Syntax

Syntax on fluent wait −

Webdriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

// identify button then click
WebElement l = driver.findElement(By.xpath("<value of xpath>"));
l.click();

// fluent wait of 6 secs till other button appears
Wait<WebDriver> w = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
   .withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(20))
   .pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(6)) 
   .ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);
   
WebElement m = w.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated
   (By.xpath("<value of xpath>")));

// checking button presence
System.out.println("Button appeared: " + m.isDisplayed());

Example

Code Implementation on Fluentwts.java class file.

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.FluentWait;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Wait;
import java.time.Duration;

public class Fluentwts {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/dynamic-prop.php");

      // identify button then click
      WebElement l = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='colorChange']"));
      l.click();

      // fluent wait of 6 secs till other button appears
      Wait<WebDriver> w = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
         .withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(20))
         .pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(6))
         .ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);

      WebElement m = w.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated
         (By.xpath("//*[@id='visibleAfter']")));

      // checking button presence
      System.out.println("Button appeared: " + m.isDisplayed());

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

Output

Button appeared: true

Process finished with exit code 0

In the above example, we observed that the button Visible After 5 Seconds obtained after clicking on the button Color Change.

Finally, the message Process finished with exit code 0 was received, signifying successful execution of the code.

In this tutorial, we had discussed how to handle Wait support using Selenium Webdriver.

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