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Even and Odd Components of a Signal
Even Signal
A signal is said to be an even signal if it is symmetrical about the vertical axis or time origin, i.e.,
π₯(π‘) = π₯(−π‘); for all π‘ … continuous time signal
π₯(π) = π₯(−π); for all π … discrete time signal
Odd Signal
A signal is said to be an odd signal if it is anti-symmetrical about the vertical axis, i.e.,
π₯(−π‘) = −π₯(π‘); for all π‘ … continuous time signal
π₯(−π) = −π₯(π); for all π … discrete time signal
Determination of Even and Odd Components of a Signal
Continuous-time Case
Every signal need not be either purely even signal or purely odd signal, but the signal can be expressed as the sum of even and odd components, i.e.,
π₯(π‘) = π₯π (π‘) + π₯π (π‘) … (1)
Where,
π₯π (π‘) is the even component of the signal, and
π₯π (π‘) is the odd component of the signal.
By the definition of even and odd signals, we have,
π₯(−π‘) = π₯π (−π‘) + π₯π (−π‘)
βΉ π₯(−π‘) = π₯π (π‘) − π₯π (π‘) … (2)
Adding eqns. (1) & (2), we get,
π₯(π‘) + π₯(−π‘) = π₯π (π‘) + π₯π (π‘) + π₯π (π‘) − π₯π (π‘) = 2π₯π (π‘)
∴ π₯π (π‘) =12[π₯(π‘) + π₯(−π‘)] … (3)
$$\mathrm{\therefore x_{e}(t)=\frac{1}{2}\left [ x(t)+x(-t) \right ]} \;\;...(3)$$
Again, subtracting eqn. (2) from eqn. (1), we get,
π₯(π‘) − π₯(−π‘) = [π₯π (π‘) + π₯π (π‘)] − [π₯π (π‘) − π₯π (π‘)]
βΉ π₯(π‘) − π₯(−π‘) = π₯π (π‘) + π₯π (π‘) − π₯π (π‘) + π₯π (π‘) = 2π₯π (π‘)
$$\mathrm{\therefore x_{0}(t)=\frac{1}{2}\left [ x(t)+x(-t) \right ]}\;\; ...(4)$$
Thus, the equations (3) and (4) gives the even and odd components of a continuous-time signal respectively.
Discrete-time Case
The even and odd components of a discrete-time signal x(n) are given by,
$$\mathrm{\therefore x_{e}(n)=\frac{1}{2}\left [ x(n)+x(-n) \right ]} \;\;...(5)$$
$$\mathrm{\therefore x_{0}(n)=\frac{1}{2}\left [ x(n)-x(-n) \right ]}\;\;...(6)$$
Numerical Example 1
Find the even and odd components of the continuous-time signal π₯(π‘) = ππ4π‘.
Solution
Given signal is,
π₯(π‘) = ππ4π‘
∴ π₯(−π‘) = π−π4π‘
The even component of the signal is,
$$\mathrm{\therefore x_{e}(t)=\frac{1}{2}\left [ x(t)+x(-t) \right ]=\frac{1}{2}\left ( e^{j4t}+e^{-j4t} \right )=\cos 4t}$$
And, the odd component of the signal is,
$$\mathrm{\therefore x_{0}(t)=\frac{1}{2}\left [ x(t)-x(-t) \right ]=\frac{1}{2}\left ( e^{j4t}-e^{-j4t} \right )=j\sin4t }$$
Numerical Example 2
Find the even and odd components of the discrete-time signal x(n), where,
$$\mathrm{x(n)=\begin{Bmatrix} 5,6,3,4,1\ \uparrow \ \end{Bmatrix}}$$
Solution
The given discrete time sequence is,
$$\mathrm{x(n)=\begin{Bmatrix} 5,6,3,4,1\ \uparrow \ \end{Bmatrix}}$$
Here,
π = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
$$\mathrm{\therefore x(-n)=\begin{Bmatrix} 1, 4, 3, 6, 5\ \uparrow \ \end{Bmatrix}}$$
Hence, the even component of the sequence is,
$$\mathrm{ x_{e}(n)=\frac{1}{2}\left [ x(n)+x(-n) \right ]=\frac{1}{2}\left [5, 6, 3, 4, 1 + 1, 4, 3, 6, 5 \right ]}$$
$$\mathrm{\Rightarrow x_{e}(n)=\frac{1}{2}\left [5 + 1, 6 + 4, 3 + 3, 4 + 6, 1 + 5 \right ]=\frac{1}{2}\left [6, 10, 6, 10, 6 \right ]}$$
$$\mathrm{\therefore x_{e}(n)=\begin{Bmatrix} 3, 5, 3, 5, 3\ \uparrow \ \end{Bmatrix}}$$
And the odd component of the sequence is,
$$\mathrm{ x_{0}(n)=\frac{1}{2}\left [ x(n)-x(-n) \right ]=\frac{1}{2}\left [5, 6, 3, 4, 1 - 1, 4, 3, 6, 5 \right ]}$$
$$\mathrm{\Rightarrow x_{0}(n)=\frac{1}{2}\left [5-1,6-4,3-3,4-6,1-5\right ]=\frac{1}{2}\left [4,2,0,-2,-4\right ]}$$
$$\mathrm{\therefore x_{0}(n)=\begin{Bmatrix} 2, 1, 0, -1, -4\ \uparrow \ \end{Bmatrix}}$$