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Selenium WebDriver - Browsing Context

Selenium Webdriver can be used for Browsing Context. There are multiple APIs which are used for the browser context commands. Some of the operations which can be performed using the Browsing Context are opening a new window, tab, utilizing an already opened window, opening a URL, and so on.

Create Browsing Context

In order to create a Browsing Context, we would use the ChromeOptions class, then set the capability webSocketUrl to the true value and pass its reference to the Webdriver. Please Note, We would also need to import the below statement in order to use the methods of the Browsing Context.

import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext.

While tests are running using the APIs on browsing context commands, there would be one tab opened with the title BiDi-CDP Mapper having the message - BiDi-CDP Mapper is controlling this tab along with the debug information. This would prove that the automation tests are using the Browsing Context.

Selenium WebDriver Browsing Context 1

The next tab would open the application triggered from the automation test.

Selenium WebDriver Browsing Context 2

The Browsing Context is Selenium is a feature available from the Selenium 4.x version. To utilize all the APIs on the browser context commands, it is recommended to use the Selenium Maven dependency from Selenium 4.16.x versions.

Dependencies To Be Added To pom.xml For Browsing Context

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
   xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
   http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
   
   <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
   <groupId>org.example</groupId>
   <artifactId>SeleniumJava</artifactId>
   <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
   
   <properties>
      <maven.compiler.source>16</maven.compiler.source>
      <maven.compiler.target>16</maven.compiler.target>
      <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
   </properties>
   
   <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.seleniumhq.selenium/selenium-java -->
   <dependencies>
      <dependency>
         <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
         <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
         <version>4.16.1</version>
      </dependency>
      
      <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.testng/testng -->
      <dependency>
         <groupId>org.testng</groupId>
         <artifactId>testng</artifactId>
         <version>7.9.0</version>
         <scope>test</scope>
      </dependency>
   </dependencies>
</project>

Create Browsing Context in New Window and Navigate to URL

Let us take an example where we would open a browser, then open another new window and launch an application having the below URL to create the Browsing Context −

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextNewWindows.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WindowType;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.NavigationResult;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextNewWindows {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/check-box.php");

      // open browsing context in new window
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);

      // obtain id of browsing context in new window
      String text = bc.getId();
      System.out.println("Id of browsing context in new window: " + text);

      // navigate to new url in the new window
      NavigationResult i = bc.navigate("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/buttons.php");

      // get new URL opened in the new window
      System.out.println("Get URL: " + i.getUrl());

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Id of browsing context in new window:
14CC57B70B48D044482821778B560618
Get URL: 
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/buttons.php

Process finished with exit code 0

In the above example, we had opened a browser, then opened another new window and launched an application having the below URL to create the Browsing Context. We had obtained the browsing context id of the new window and the URL launched in the console with messages - Id of browsing context in new window: 14CC57B70B48D044482821778B560618 and Get URL: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/.

Finally, the message Process finished with exit code 0 was received, signifying successful execution of the code.

Create Browsing Context in New Tab and Navigate to URL

Let us take an example where we would open a browser, then open another new tab and launch an application having the below URL there to create the Browsing Context − https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextNewTabs.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WindowType;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.NavigationResult;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.ReadinessState;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextNewTabs {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/check-box.php");

      // open browsing context in new tab
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);

      // obtain id of browsing context in new tab
      String text = bc.getId();
      System.out.println("Id of browsing context in new tab: " + text);

      // navigate to new url in the new tab in readiness state
      NavigationResult i = bc.navigate("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/buttons.php",
      ReadinessState.COMPLETE);

      // get new URL opened in the new tab
      System.out.println("Get URL: " + i.getUrl());

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Id of browsing context in new tab:
E7D9C6C1EA830EE2E968EFFDAE800EE2
Get URL:
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/buttons.php

Process finished with exit code 0

In the above example, we had opened a browser, then opened another new tab and launched an application having the below URL to create the Browsing Context. We had obtained the browsing context id of the new tab and the URL launched in the console with messages - Id of browsing context in new tab: E7D9C6C1EA830EE2E968EFFDAE800EE2 and Get URL: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/.

Finally, the message Process finished with exit code 0 was received, signifying successful execution of the code.

Create Browsing Context Using Existing Window/Tab Handle

Let us take an example where we would create a Browsing Context using an existing window/tab.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextNewTab.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextNewTab {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/check-box.php");

      // get window handle id
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();

      // open browsing context in new tab/window
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, windowID);

      // obtain id of browsing context in new tab/window
      String text = bc.getId();
      System.out.println("Id of browsing context in new tab/window: " + text);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Id of browsing context in new tab/window:
E5EB8BA6EBAFBA14561CC8EB23360034

Process finished with exit code 0

In the above example, we had created the Browsing Context using an existing window/tab handle. We had obtained the browsing context id in the console with message - Id of browsing context in new/window: E5EB8BA6EBAFBA14561CC8EB23360034.

Finally, the message Process finished with exit code 0 was received, signifying successful execution of the code.

Create Browsing Context After Opening New Window Having Reference Browsing Context

Let us take an example where we would create a Browsing Context by opening a new window having a reference browsing context.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextNewWindow.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WindowType;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextNewWindow {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/check-box.php");

      // get window handle id
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();

      // open browsing context in new window using  browsing context
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW, windowID);

      // obtain id of browsing context
      String text = bc.getId();
      System.out.println("Id of browsing context in new window: " + text);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Id of browsing context in new window: 
F82CF86144C26AEA4168F672C11B8C92

Process finished with exit code 0

In the above example, we had created the Browsing Context after opening a new window having a reference browsing context. We had obtained the browsing context id in the console with message - Id of browsing context in window: F82CF86144C26AEA4168F672C11B8C92.

Finally, the message Process finished with exit code 0 was received, signifying successful execution of the code.

Create Browsing Context After Opening New Tab Having Reference Browsing Context

Let us take an example where we would create a Browsing Context by opening a new tab having a reference browsing context.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextNewTab.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WindowType;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextNewTab {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/check-box.php");

      // get window handle id
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();

      // open browsing context in new tab using browsing context
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB, windowID);

      // obtain id of browsing context
      String text = bc.getId();
      System.out.println("Id of browsing context in new tab: " + text);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Id of browsing context in new tab: 
C88F54A24AF3C6DE71C5B5E37913BA77

Process finished with exit code 0

In the above example, we had created the Browsing Context after opening a new tab having a reference browsing context. We had obtained the browsing context id in the console with message - Id of browsing context in tab: C88F54A24AF3C6DE71C5B5E37913BA77.

Finally, the message Process finished with exit code 0 was received, signifying successful execution of the code.

Get the Browsing Context Tree

Let us take an example where we would obtain every browsing context starting from the parent browsing context.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextTree.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContextInfo;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.ReadinessState;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public class BrowsingContextTree {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/check-box.php");

      // get window handle id
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();

      // open browsing context in new tab/window
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, windowID);

      // open another URL
      bc.navigate("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/buttons.php", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);

      // list of browsing context tree
      List<BrowsingContextInfo> tree = bc.getTree();

      // obtain total browsing context tree
      int size = tree.size();
      System.out.println("Total browsing contexts: " + size);

      // obtain total children
      BrowsingContextInfo c = tree.get(0);
      int size1 = c.getChildren().size();
      System.out.println("Total children: " + size1);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Total browsing contexts: 1
Total children: 0

Process finished with exit code 0

Get the Browsing Context Tree with Depth Value

Let us take an example where we would obtain every browsing context starting from the parent browsing context along with depth value.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextTreeDepth.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContextInfo;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.ReadinessState;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextTreeDepth {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/check-box.php");

      // get window handle id
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();
      System.out.println("Window Handle Id: " + windowID);

      // open browsing context in new tab/window
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, windowID);

      // open another URL
      bc.navigate("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/buttons.php", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);

      // list of browsing context tree with depth value
      List<BrowsingContextInfo> tree = bc.getTree(0);

      // obtain total browsing context tree
      int size = tree.size();
      System.out.println("Total browsing contexts: " + size);

      // obtain total children
      BrowsingContextInfo c = tree.get(0);
      List children = c.getChildren();
      System.out.println("Total children: " + children);
      System.out.println("Browsing Context id: " + c.getId());

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Window Handle Id: DE5E963CFFCC9A42A5F7A4903BF0C12C
Total browsing contexts: 1
Total children: null
Browsing Context id: DE5E963CFFCC9A42A5F7A4903BF0C12C

Process finished with exit code 0

Get All the Top Level Browsing Contexts

Let us take an example where we would obtain every top level browsing contexts.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextTopLevel.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WindowType;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContextInfo;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextTopLevel {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/check-box.php");

      // get window handle id
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();

      // open browsing context in new tab/window
      BrowsingContext bc1 = new BrowsingContext(driver, windowID);

      // open another browsing context in new window
      BrowsingContext bc2 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);

      // list of every top level browsing contexts
      List<BrowsingContextInfo> tree = bc1.getTopLevelContexts();

      // obtain total browsing context tree
      int size = tree.size();
      System.out.println("Total top level browsing context: " + size);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Total top level browsing context: 2

Process finished with exit code 0

In the above example, we obtained all the top level browsing contexts in the console with message - Total top level browsing context: 2.

Finally, the message Process finished with exit code 0 was received, signifying successful execution of the code.

Close a Window Browsing Context

Let us take an example where we would close a window browsing context using the close() method.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextWindowClose.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WindowType;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContextInfo;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextWindowClose {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/check-box.php");

      // open browsing context in new window
      BrowsingContext bc1 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);

      // open another browsing context in new window
      BrowsingContext bc2 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);

      // list of every top level browsing contexts
      List<BrowsingContextInfo> tree = bc1.getTopLevelContexts();

      // obtain total browsing context tree
      int size = tree.size();
      System.out.println("Total top level browsing context before closing: " + size);

      // close one browsing context
      bc2.close();

      // obtain total browsing context tree after closing one
      List<BrowsingContextInfo> tree1 = bc1.getTopLevelContexts();
      int size1 = tree1.size();
      System.out.println("Total top level browsing context after closing: " + size1);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Total top level browsing context before closing: 3
Total top level browsing context after closing: 2

Process finished with exit code 0

Close a Tab Browsing Context

Let us take an example where we would close a tab browsing context using the close() method.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextTabClose.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WindowType;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContextInfo;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextTabClose {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/check-box.php");

      // open browsing context in new tab
      BrowsingContext bc1 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);

      // open another browsing context in new tab
      BrowsingContext bc2 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);

      // list of every top level browsing contexts
      List<BrowsingContextInfo> tree = bc1.getTopLevelContexts();

      // obtain total browsing context tree
      int size = tree.size();
      System.out.println("Total top level browsing context before closing: " + size);

      // close one browsing context
      bc2.close();

      // obtain total browsing context tree after closing one
      List<BrowsingContextInfo> tree1 = bc1.getTopLevelContexts();
      int size1 = tree1.size();
      System.out.println("Total top level browsing context after closing: " + size1);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Total top level browsing context before closing: 3
Total top level browsing context after closing: 2

Process finished with exit code 0

Activate a Browsing Context

Let us take an example where we would activate a browsing context using the activate() method.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextTabClose.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WindowType;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextTabClose {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/check-box.php");

      // get window handle id
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();

      // open browsing context
      BrowsingContext bc1 = new BrowsingContext(driver, windowID);

      // open another browsing context in new window
      BrowsingContext bc2 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);

      // activate browsing context
      bc1.activate();

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

Reload a Browsing Context

Let us take an example where we would reload a browsing context and obtain the navigation id, and url.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextReload.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WindowType;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.NavigationResult;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.ReadinessState;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextReload {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/check-box.php");

      // open browsing context in new tab
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);

      // navigate to URL in a browsing context
      bc.navigate("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/buttons.php", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);

      // reload browsing context
      NavigationResult load = bc.reload(ReadinessState.INTERACTIVE);

      // get navigation id
      String text = load.getNavigationId();
      System.out.println("Navigation ID: " + text);

      // get URL opened in browsing context
      String url = load.getUrl();
      System.out.println("Navigation URL: " + url);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Navigation ID: 0C12BD5C26E08392DB18F6C7928F8020
Navigation URL: 
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/buttons.php

Process finished with exit code 0

In the above example, we had reloaded the browsing context and had obtained navigation id and url with messages in the console - Navigation ID: 0C12BD5C26E08392DB18F6C7928F8020, and Navigation URL: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/.

Finally, the message Process finished with exit code 0 was received, signifying successful execution of the code.

Handle User Prompts with Browsing Context

Let us take an example where we would handle user prompts with browsing context using the handleUserPrompt() method.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextHandlePrompt.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextHandlePrompt {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/alerts.php");

      // get window handle
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();

      // open browsing context
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());

      // identify button
      WebElement btn = driver.findElement(By.xpath("/html/body/main/div/div/div[2]/div[1]/button"));
      btn.click();

      // accept and input text in prompt
      bc.handleUserPrompt(true, "Tutorialspoint");

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Process finished with exit code 0

In the above example, we had handled the user prompt with the Browsing Context.

Finally, the message Process finished with exit code 0 was received, signifying successful execution of the code.

Capture Screenshots with Browsing Context

Let us take an example where we would capture screenshots with browsing context using the captureScreenshot() method.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextCaptureScreenshot.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextCaptureScreenshot {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/alerts.php");

      // get window handle
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();

      // open browsing context
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());

      // identify button then click
      WebElement btn = driver.findElement(By.xpath("/html/body/main/div/div/div[2]/div[1]/button"));
      btn.click();

      // capture screenshot
      String sc = bc.captureScreenshot();

      // get number of screenshot
      int size = sc.length();
      System.out.println("Size of Screenshot: " + size);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Size of Screenshots: 209152

Process finished with exit code 0

Capture a Screenshot of an Element with Browsing Context

Let us take an example where we would capture a screenshot of an element with browsing context using the captureElementScreenshot() method.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextElemntCaptureScreenshot.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebElement;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextElemntCaptureScreenshot {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // get window handle
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();

      // open browsing context
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, windowID);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/alerts.php");

      // identify button
      WebElement btn = driver.findElement(By.xpath("/html/body/main/div/div/div[2]/div[1]/button"));

      String sc = bc.captureElementScreenshot(((RemoteWebElement) btn).getId());

      // get number of screenshot
      int size = sc.length();
      System.out.println("Size of Screenshot of an element: " + size);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Size of Screenshot of an element: 3080

Process finished with exit code 0

Set the Viewport Pixel with Browsing Context

Let us take an example where we would set a viewport with a pixel with browsing context using the setViewport() method.

Code Implementation in SetViewPort.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class SetViewPort {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // get window handle
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();

      // open browsing context
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, windowID);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/alerts.php");

      // set view port
      bc.setViewport(200, 600, 6);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Process finished with exit code 0

Print a Page with Browsing Context

Let us take an example where we would print a page with browsing context using the print() method.

Code Implementation in PrintPage.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.print.PrintOptions;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class PrintPage {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // get window handle
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();

      // open browsing context
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, windowID);

      // launching a browser and open a URL
      driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/alerts.php");

      // object of PrintOptions
      PrintOptions p = new PrintOptions();

      // get print
      String print = bc.print(p);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

Navigate, Move Forward, Backward, and Traverse in Browser History with Browsing Context

Let us take an example where we move forward, backward, and traverse in browser history with browsing context. These are performed using the forward(), back(), and traverse(-1) methods of the BrowsingContext class.

Code Implementation in BrowsingContextHistory.java

package org.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.BrowsingContext;
import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.browsingcontext.ReadinessState;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class BrowsingContextHistory {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

      // object of ChromeOptions
      ChromeOptions opt = new ChromeOptions();
      opt.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);

      // Initiate the Webdriver
      WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(opt);

      // adding implicit wait of 15 secs
      driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

      // get window handle
      String windowID = driver.getWindowHandle();

      // open browsing context
      BrowsingContext bc = new BrowsingContext(driver, windowID);

      // navigate to URL
      bc.navigate("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/login.php", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);

      // identify element then click
      WebElement btn = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='signInForm']/div[3]/a"));
      btn.click();

      // get page title after click
      String title = driver.getTitle();
      System.out.println("Page title after click: " + title);

      // navigate back in browser history
      bc.back();

      // get page title after navigating back in browser history
      String title1 = driver.getTitle();
      System.out.println("Page title after navigating back in browser history: " + title1);

      // navigate forward in browser history
      bc.forward();

      // get page title after navigating forward in browser history
      String title2 = driver.getTitle();
      System.out.println("Page title after navigating forward in browser history: " + title2);


      // traverse history
      bc.traverseHistory(-1);

      // Quitting browser
      driver.quit();
   }
}

It will show the following output −

Page title after click: Selenium Practice - Register
Page title after navigating back in browser history: Selenium Practice - Login
Page title after navigating forward in browser history: Selenium Practice - Register

Process finished with exit code 0

In the above example, we had launched an application and navigated back, and, forward in the browser history and obtained the browser title after navigations in the console with the messages - Page title after click: Selenium Practice - Register, Page title after navigating back in browser history: Selenium Practice - Login, and Page title after navigating forward in browser history: Selenium Practice - Register.

This concludes our comprehensive take on the tutorial on Selenium WebDriver - Browser Context. We’ve started with describing what is Browser Context, and the Selenium dependencies required for the Browser Context, walked through the examples to create Browser Context in a new window and tab, in a new window, and tab using an existing window handle, navigate to a URL in normal and readiness state, obtain browsing context tree, its depth, and all top level browsing contexts, close a tab or window, activate and reload a browsing context, handle user prompt, capture screenshot of a web page, and specific element, set viewport with pixel, print page, and navigate forward, backward, and traversing in browser history with Selenium.

This equips you with in-depth knowledge of the Selenium WebDriver - Browser Context. It is wise to keep practicing what you’ve learned and exploring others relevant to Selenium to deepen your understanding and expand your horizons.

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