# Modelling of Mechanical Systems

In this chapter, let us discuss the differential equation modeling of mechanical systems. There are two types of mechanical systems based on the type of motion.

• Translational mechanical systems
• Rotational mechanical systems

## Modeling of Translational Mechanical Systems

Translational mechanical systems move along a straight line. These systems mainly consist of three basic elements. Those are mass, spring and dashpot or damper.

If a force is applied to a translational mechanical system, then it is opposed by opposing forces due to mass, elasticity and friction of the system. Since the applied force and the opposing forces are in opposite directions, the algebraic sum of the forces acting on the system is zero. Let us now see the force opposed by these three elements individually.

### Mass

Mass is the property of a body, which stores kinetic energy. If a force is applied on a body having mass M, then it is opposed by an opposing force due to mass. This opposing force is proportional to the acceleration of the body. Assume elasticity and friction are negligible.

$$F_m\propto\: a$$

$$\Rightarrow F_m=Ma=M\frac{\text{d}^2x}{\text{d}t^2}$$

$$F=F_m=M\frac{\text{d}^2x}{\text{d}t^2}$$

Where,

• F is the applied force

• Fm is the opposing force due to mass

• M is mass

• a is acceleration

• x is displacement

### Spring

Spring is an element, which stores potential energy. If a force is applied on spring K, then it is opposed by an opposing force due to elasticity of spring. This opposing force is proportional to the displacement of the spring. Assume mass and friction are negligible.

$$F\propto\: x$$

$$\Rightarrow F_k=Kx$$

$$F=F_k=Kx$$

Where,

• F is the applied force

• Fk is the opposing force due to elasticity of spring

• K is spring constant

• x is displacement

### Dashpot

If a force is applied on dashpot B, then it is opposed by an opposing force due to friction of the dashpot. This opposing force is proportional to the velocity of the body. Assume mass and elasticity are negligible.

$$F_b\propto\: \nu$$

$$\Rightarrow F_b=B\nu=B\frac{\text{d}x}{\text{d}t}$$

$$F=F_b=B\frac{\text{d}x}{\text{d}t}$$

Where,

• Fb is the opposing force due to friction of dashpot

• B is the frictional coefficient

• v is velocity

• x is displacement

## Modeling of Rotational Mechanical Systems

Rotational mechanical systems move about a fixed axis. These systems mainly consist of three basic elements. Those are moment of inertia, torsional spring and dashpot.

If a torque is applied to a rotational mechanical system, then it is opposed by opposing torques due to moment of inertia, elasticity and friction of the system. Since the applied torque and the opposing torques are in opposite directions, the algebraic sum of torques acting on the system is zero. Let us now see the torque opposed by these three elements individually.

### Moment of Inertia

In translational mechanical system, mass stores kinetic energy. Similarly, in rotational mechanical system, moment of inertia stores kinetic energy.

If a torque is applied on a body having moment of inertia J, then it is opposed by an opposing torque due to the moment of inertia. This opposing torque is proportional to angular acceleration of the body. Assume elasticity and friction are negligible.

$$T_j\propto\: \alpha$$

$$\Rightarrow T_j=J\alpha=J\frac{\text{d}^2\theta}{\text{d}t^2}$$

$$T=T_j=J\frac{\text{d}^2\theta}{\text{d}t^2}$$

Where,

• T is the applied torque

• Tj is the opposing torque due to moment of inertia

• J is moment of inertia

• α is angular acceleration

• θ is angular displacement

### Torsional Spring

In translational mechanical system, spring stores potential energy. Similarly, in rotational mechanical system, torsional spring stores potential energy.

If a torque is applied on torsional spring K, then it is opposed by an opposing torque due to the elasticity of torsional spring. This opposing torque is proportional to the angular displacement of the torsional spring. Assume that the moment of inertia and friction are negligible.

$$T_k\propto\: \theta$$

$$\Rightarrow T_k=K\theta$$

$$T=T_k=K\theta$$

Where,

• T is the applied torque

• Tk is the opposing torque due to elasticity of torsional spring

• K is the torsional spring constant

• θ is angular displacement

### Dashpot

If a torque is applied on dashpot B, then it is opposed by an opposing torque due to the rotational friction of the dashpot. This opposing torque is proportional to the angular velocity of the body. Assume the moment of inertia and elasticity are negligible.

$$T_b\propto\: \omega$$

$$\Rightarrow T_b=B\omega=B\frac{\text{d}\theta}{\text{d}t}$$

$$T=T_b=B\frac{\text{d}\theta}{\text{d}t}$$

Where,

• Tb is the opposing torque due to the rotational friction of the dashpot

• B is the rotational friction coefficient

• ω is the angular velocity

• θ is the angular displacement