Network Articles - Page 61 of 79

There are two types of operations of ILP-Processors such as Pipelined Processors and VLIW and Superscalar Processors. Pipelined Processors work like an assembly line, both VLIW and Superscalar processors operate basically in parallel, making use of several concurrently working EUs as shown in the figure −In describing the principle of operation of pipelined processors, for simplicity, it can confine itself to a straightforward pipelined processor which executes integer, RISC-like, register-register instructions. Pipelines like these operate along the following lines −Instruction processing is subdivided into several successive subtasks: instruction Fetch (F), Decode (D), Execute (E), and writeback of the result (W), ... Read More

The evolution of Von Neumann processors can be attributed to two areas of development improvement in technology, marked by increasing clock rates and the functional evolution of processors. Functional evolution has been achieved primarily by increasing the degree of parallelism of the internal operations, the issues, and the execution of instructions.This occurred in three consecutive evolution phases as the first phase is represented by traditional von Neumann processors, which are characterized by sequential issues and sequential execution of instructions as shown in the figure.The search for greater implementation gave advance to the introduction of parallel instruction execution. Parallel execution was ... Read More

There are two methods of exploiting parallelism in parallel computer architecture are as follows −PipeliningIn pipelining, several functional units are working in sequence to implement a single computation. These functional units form an assembly line or pipeline. Each functional unit describes a specific phase of the computation and each computation goes through the entire pipeline.If there is only a single computation to be executed, the pipeline cannot extract any parallelism. But, when the same computation is to be implemented multiple times, these computations can be overlapped through the functional units.Assume that the pipeline consists of N functional units (stages) and ... Read More

Flynn’s classic taxonomy (Flynn, 1966) depends on the number of control units and the multiple processors available in a computer. Flynn’s introduced the following notions −Single Instruction StreamSingle Instruction stream means that architecture has a single control unit generating a single stream of instruction abbreviated as single instruction SI.Multiple Instruction StreamMultiple Instruction Stream means that architecture has multiple control units each producing has a distinct stream of instruction abbreviated as MI.Single Data StreamA single data stream is a single processor available which will execute a single stream of data abbreviates as SD.Multiple Data StreamIn multiple data streams, there are multiple ... Read More

There are various types of Parallelism in Computer Architecture which are as follows −Available and Utilized ParallelismParallelism is the most important topics in computing. Architectures, compilers, and operating frameworks have been striving for more than two decades to extract and use as much parallelism as available to speed up computation.Available and Utilized ParallelismParallelism is the most important topics in computing. Architectures, compilers, and operating frameworks have been striving for more than two decades to extract and use as much parallelism as available to speed up computation.Functional Parallelism is that type of parallelism that raise from the logic of a problem ... Read More

Concurrency ExecutionIt is the sensual behavior of the N-Client I-Server model where one client is served at any provided moment. This model has dual characteristics. It is sequential on a small time scale, but together on a rather large time scale.In this method, the elementary problem is how the competing clients, processors or threads, must be scheduled for service (Execution) through the single-level (processor). Scheduling policies can be oriented toward efficient service in terms of highest throughput (least intervention) or towards short average response time, and so on.The scheduling policy can be considered as covering two methods as first deals ... Read More

There are three different layers of abstraction in computer system such as the concrete architecture at the system level, the abstract and concrete architecture at the processor level, and the abstract and concrete architecture at the micro-machine level. Let us discuss each level one by one.Concrete Architecture of Computer SystemsAt the system level, the representation of the concrete architecture depends on processor level building blocks, including processors, memories, buses, etc. Its representation contains the description of the building blocks, the interpretation among them, and the services of the entire system. The figure shows an example of the system-level architecture of ... Read More

A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal device which consists of two pn-junctions formed by sandwiching either p-type or n-type semiconductor material between a pair of opposite type semiconductors.The primary function of BJT is to increase the strength of a weak signal, i.e., it acts as an amplifier. A BJT can also be used as a solid state switch in electronic circuits.Types of BJTThere are two types of BJTs −NPN TransistorPNP TransistorIn this article, we will discuss in detail the working principle of both these types of BJTs.NPN TransistorAn npn-transistor is composed of two n-type semiconductor materials which are ... Read More

ATM is a connection-oriented network at a point where the sender or user which access devices are known as end-point, these end-points connected through a user to network interface (UNI) to the switches on the network, these switches provide a network to network interface (NNI).The architecture of the ATM is shown in the figure below.ATM transfers the information through a transmission path which is made up of a logical virtual path and virtual channel. The transmission path consists of the physical cable, which is connected to an ATM switch. The cables have a transfer speed of up to 155 megabits ... Read More

An ultimate form of multiplexing used in parts of the cellular telephone system and for some satellite communication is called Code Division Multiplexing (CDM). The specific version of CDM used in cell phones is called Code Division Multi-Access (CDMA).CDM does not rely on physical properties, including frequency or time. It can depend on an interesting numerical idea such as values from orthogonal vector spaces can be merged and separated without interference. The specific form used in the telephone network is the easiest to learn. Each sender is created a unique binary code Ci that is called chip sequence.Chip sequences are ... Read More