Found 826 Articles for Network

Concurrency ExecutionIt is the sensual behavior of the N-Client I-Server model where one client is served at any provided moment. This model has dual characteristics. It is sequential on a small time scale, but together on a rather large time scale.In this method, the elementary problem is how the competing clients, processors or threads, must be scheduled for service (Execution) through the single-level (processor). Scheduling policies can be oriented toward efficient service in terms of highest throughput (least intervention) or towards short average response time, and so on.The scheduling policy can be considered as covering two methods as first deals ... Read More

There are three different layers of abstraction in computer system such as the concrete architecture at the system level, the abstract and concrete architecture at the processor level, and the abstract and concrete architecture at the micro-machine level. Let us discuss each level one by one.Concrete Architecture of Computer SystemsAt the system level, the representation of the concrete architecture depends on processor level building blocks, including processors, memories, buses, etc. Its representation contains the description of the building blocks, the interpretation among them, and the services of the entire system. The figure shows an example of the system-level architecture of ... Read More

A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal device which consists of two pn-junctions formed by sandwiching either p-type or n-type semiconductor material between a pair of opposite type semiconductors.The primary function of BJT is to increase the strength of a weak signal, i.e., it acts as an amplifier. A BJT can also be used as a solid state switch in electronic circuits.Types of BJTThere are two types of BJTs −NPN TransistorPNP TransistorIn this article, we will discuss in detail the working principle of both these types of BJTs.NPN TransistorAn npn-transistor is composed of two n-type semiconductor materials which are ... Read More

ATM is a connection-oriented network at a point where the sender or user which access devices are known as end-point, these end-points connected through a user to network interface (UNI) to the switches on the network, these switches provide a network to network interface (NNI).The architecture of the ATM is shown in the figure below.ATM transfers the information through a transmission path which is made up of a logical virtual path and virtual channel. The transmission path consists of the physical cable, which is connected to an ATM switch. The cables have a transfer speed of up to 155 megabits ... Read More

ATM stands for Asynchronous transfer mode. It is a switching technique used by telecommunication networks that uses asynchronous time-division multiplexing to encode data into small, fixed-sized cells. ATMs can be used for efficient data transfer over highspeed data networks. ATM provides real-time and non-real-time services.ServicesThe services provided by ATM are as follows−Available Bit Rate: It provides a guaranteed minimum capacity, but data can be burst to higher capacities when network traffic is lower.Constant Bit Rate: It is used to specify a fixed bit rate so that data is sent in a steady stream. This is analogous to a leased line.Unspecified ... Read More

An ultimate form of multiplexing used in parts of the cellular telephone system and for some satellite communication is called Code Division Multiplexing (CDM). The specific version of CDM used in cell phones is called Code Division Multi-Access (CDMA).CDM does not rely on physical properties, including frequency or time. It can depend on an interesting numerical idea such as values from orthogonal vector spaces can be merged and separated without interference. The specific form used in the telephone network is the easiest to learn. Each sender is created a unique binary code Ci that is called chip sequence.Chip sequences are ... Read More

A transmission system is classified as asynchronous if the system enables the physical channel to be useless for an arbitrary time between two transmissions. The asynchronous design of communication is well-appropriated to applications that create data at random (e.g., a user classifying on a keyboard or a user that press on a link to include a web page, reads for a while, and then press on a link to include another page).The drawback of asynchrony improves from the lack of coordination between sender and receiver while the channel is empty. A receiver cannot know how long the channel will remain ... Read More

The alternative to parallel transmission, called serial transmission, sends one bit at a time. With the importance of speed, it may seem that anyone designing a data communications system would choose parallel transmission. However, most communication systems use serial mode.Following are the two main reasons for serial transmission−First, serial networks can be continued over long distances at much less cost because fewer physical wires are required, and intermediate electronic elements are less cheap.Second, using only one physical wire defines that there are never timing issues caused by one wire being slightly higher than another (a difference of millimetres can be ... Read More

To establish a reliable service between two machines on a network, transport protocols are implemented, which somehow resembles the data link protocols implemented at layer 2. The major difference lies in the fact that the data link layer uses a physical channel between two routers while the transport layer uses a subnet.Following are the issues for implementing transport protocols−Types of ServiceThe transport layer also determines the type of service provided to the users from the session layer. An error-free point-to-point communication to deliver messages in the order in which they were transmitted is one of the key functions of the ... Read More

FDDI stands for Fiber Distributed Data Interface. It is a collection of ANSI and ISO standards for data transmission on fiber-optic lines in a local area network (LAN) that can broaden in the range up to 200 km (124 miles). The FDDI protocol depends on the token ring protocol.FDDI cabling consists of two fiber rings, one transmitting clockwise and the other transmitting counterclockwise. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is generally implemented as a dual token-passing ring within a ring topology (for campus networks) or star topology (inside a building). The dual ring includes a primary and secondary ring.The primary ring ... Read More