Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a network-specific standard protocol. The Address Resolution Protocol is important for changing the higher-level protocol address (IP addresses) to physical network addresses. It is described in RFC 826.ARP relates an IP address with the physical address. On a typical physical network such as LAN, each device on a link is identified by a physical address, usually printed on the network interface card (NIC). A physical address can be changed easily when NIC on a particular machine fails.The IP Address cannot be changed. ARP can find the physical address of the node when its internet address ... Read More

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPV 6) is the replacement for version 4 (IPV 4). The phenomenal development of the Internet has begun to push IP to its limits. It provides a large address space, and it contains a simple header as compared to IPv4.Features of IPV6There are various features of IPV6, which are as follows−Larger address space: An IPV6 address is 128 bits long. It is compared with the 32-bit address of IPV4. It will allow for unique IP-addresses up to 3.4 x 1038 whereas IPV4 allows up to 4.3 x 108 unique address.Better Header format: New header form has ... Read More

Protocol suites are collecting protocols that act at different layers of the network model to ensure successful communication. There is the various function of the protocol, which are as follows−Connection Establishment/ReleaseA data transfer can be a communication-oriented transfer or connectionless transfer. The connectionless services are the most unreliable services. Most of the protocols provide connection-oriented services. If a large volume of data transfer is required, connectionoriented services are always better.EncapsulationA protocol defines how the data is encapsulated in the frame or packet. Each packet in all PDUs contains three fields for control information along with the data field. There are ... Read More

Encryption is a technique to hide data from unauthorized persons by encoding data not to be viewed and modified. Data encryption involves converting the data into encrypted data called cipher text using a mathematical formula called an algorithm.These algorithms generate a key and then encapsulate the message with this key. There are two types of encryptions as asymmetric and symmetric, are in vogue.The presentation layer deals with the translation, encryption/decryption, authentication and compression, which are explained below−TranslationIt changes the complex data structures used by an application string, integers, structures, etc., into a byte stream that may be transmitted across the ... Read More

Multimedia is a set of more than one media element used to produce a concrete and more structured communication method. In other words, multimedia is the simultaneous use of data from different sources. These sources in multimedia are known as media elements.Multimedia is the holy grail of networking. It brings vast technical challenges in providing (interactive) video on demand to every home and equally immense profits out of it. Multimedia is just two or more media. Generally, the term multimedia means the combination of two or more continuous media. In practice, the two media usually are audio and video.Elements of ... Read More

Quality of Service (QOS) determines a network's capability to support predictable service over various technologies, containing frame relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Ethernet, SONET IP-routed networks. The networks can use any or all of these frameworks.The QOS also provides that while supporting priority for one or more flows does not create other flows fail. A flow can be a combination of source and destination addresses, source and destination socket numbers, session identifier, or packet from a specific application or an incoming interface.The QOS is primarily used to control resources like bandwidth, equipment, wide-area facilities etc. It can get more efficient ... Read More

Congestion causes choking of the communication medium. When too many packets are displayed in a method of the subnet, the subnet's performance degrades. Hence, a network's communication channel is called congested if packets are traversing the path and experience delays mainly over the path's propagation delay. There is two congestion control algorithm which is as follows: Leaky Bucket The leaky bucket algorithm discovers its use in the context of network traffic shaping or rate-limiting. The algorithm allows controlling the rate at which a record is injected into a network and managing burstiness in the data rate. ... Read More

IPv4 supports various types of addressing modes which are as follows−UnicastIt is created to a single network interface located on a specific subnet and facilitates one to-one communication. This is a unique address worldwide for the identification of a machine on the network.Subnet prefix: The subnet prefix is a network identifier or network address portion of an IP unicast address. It must be noted that all nodes on the corresponding physical or logical subnet must help the same subnet prefix, which eventually turns into unique within the entire TCP/IP network.Host ID: The host ID, a host address area of an ... Read More

IPv4 addresses are merely used as identifiers, which operate at the network layer to identify IP packets source or destination. The version of IP that is in use is known as IPv4. In this version, every node on the Internet can have one or more interfaces, and we are needed to recognize each of these devices with a specific address assigned to each of them. It represents that each node is created one or more IP addresses to conjure TCP/IP. These are logical addresses and include 32 bits.IP addresses are defined using binary notation with a 32-bit long string. Dotted ... Read More

Each router on the network supports a routing table in memory that may be simple or complex. In the simplest form, the table consists of pairs of IP addresses.When the originating station involves that the intended destination is directly reachable, the frame is sent immediately to the frame's destination IP address. In such a situation, a unique address occurs in the routing table known as Default Gateway Address.The routing decisions depend on the following points:The destination IP address and router IP are concealed to decide if the incoming packet Notes is to be forwarded to another network or not. If ... Read More