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Computer Architecture Articles
Found 253 articles
Basic Computer Instructions in Computer Organization
In computer organization, a computer instruction is a set of commands that tells the computer hardware to perform a specific operation. Computer instructions are the primary building blocks of a computer program, as they are entirely responsible for program execution and software functionality. The format in which computer instructions are written is defined by the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) of the computer. The ISA defines the set of instructions supported by the processor and provides information about instruction syntax, semantics, and encoding. Computer instructions can perform various operations including data transfer, arithmetic operations, logical operations, control flow, and ...
Read MoreHow to remove Load-use delay in Computer Architecture?
The layout of a processor pipeline significantly affects load-use delay — the time between when data is loaded from memory and when it can be used by subsequent instructions. Understanding how different pipeline architectures handle this delay is crucial for optimizing processor performance. Load-Use Delay in Different Pipeline Architectures RISC (4-stage) F D E W 1 cycle delay ...
Read MoreHow is the classification of Computer Networks done as per its architecture?
A network is a collection of interconnected computers that communicate with each other to share resources, data, and services. Networks enable file sharing, resource pooling, and communication across different locations. For example − If you have a movie or PDF file on your laptop and a friend 10km away needs it, you can transfer the file instantly through the network. This demonstrates how networks facilitate data transfer across geographical distances. Networks are essential for resource sharing and expanding storage capacity. For example − If your machine has only 2GB of storage but you need to access a 10GB ...
Read MoreDifference Between Maskable and Non-Maskable Interrupt
Interrupt is an issue that is not caused by the CPU but is done by a component. Interrupts may occur suddenly and CPU has to take immediate action to resolve the issue. Interrupts are of many types and in this article, we will discuss the difference between Maskable and Non-Maskable Interrupts. What is Maskable Interrupt? Maskable interrupt is a kind of interrupt which can be ignored or disabled by instructions given by the CPU. The ignoring or disabling of this interrupt allows the system to give priority to certain tasks. The sources of interrupts are also disabled so that critical ...
Read MoreWhat are Computer Registers in Computer Architecture?
Computer registers are high-speed memory storing units. It is an element of the computer processor. It can carry any type of information including a bit sequence or single data.A register should be 32 bits in length for a 32-bit instruction computer. Registers can be numbered relies upon the processor design and language rules.The instructions in a computer are saved in memory locations and implemented one after another at a time. The function of the control unit is to fetch the instruction from the memory and implement it. The control does the similar for all the instructions in the memory in ...
Read MoreWhat are Instruction Formats?
Instruction includes a set of operation codes and operands that manage with the operation codes. Instruction format supports the design of bits in an instruction. It contains fields including opcode, operands, and addressing mode.The instruction length is generally preserved in multiples of the character length, which is 8 bits. When the instruction length is permanent, several bits are assigned to opcode, operands, and addressing modes.The function of allocating bits in the instruction can be interpreted by considering the following elements −Number of addressing modesNumber of operandsNumber of CPU registersNumber of register setsNumber of address linesThe figure displayed the general IA-32 ...
Read MoreWhat are Instruction Codes and Operands in Computer Architecture?
A computer instruction is a binary code that determines the micro-operations in a sequence for a computer. They are saved in the memory along with the information. Each computer has its specific group of instructions.They can be categorized into two elements as Operation codes (Opcodes) and Address. Opcodes specify the operation for specific instructions. An address determines the registers or the areas that can be used for that operation. Operands are definite elements of computer instruction that show what information is to be operated on.It consists of 12 bits of memory that are required to define the address as the ...
Read MoreWhat is Direct Mapping Process in Computer Architecture?
Direct mapping is a procedure used to assign each memory block in the main memory to a particular line in the cache. If a line is already filled with a memory block and a new block needs to be loaded, then the old block is discarded from the cache.The figure shows how multiple blocks from the example are mapped to each line in the cache.Just like locating a word within a block, bits are taken from the main memory address to uniquely describe the line in the cache where a block can be stored.Example − Consider a cache with = ...
Read MoreWhat is Hardwired Control Unit?
A hardwired control is a mechanism of producing control signals using Finite State Machines (FSM) appropriately. It is designed as a sequential logic circuit. The final circuit is constructed by physically connecting the components such as gates, flip flops, and drums. Hence, it is named a hardwired controller.The figure shows a 2-bit sequence counter, which is used to develop control signals. The output obtained from these signals is decoded to generate the required signals in sequential order.The hardwired control consists of a combinational circuit that outputs desired controls for decoding and encoding functions. The instruction that is loaded in the ...
Read MoreWhat is Vector Processing in Computer Architecture?
Vector processing is a central processing unit that can perform the complete vector input in individual instruction. It is a complete unit of hardware resources that implements a sequential set of similar data elements in the memory using individual instruction.The scientific and research computations involve many computations which require extensive and high-power computers. These computations when run in a conventional computer may take days or weeks to complete. The science and engineering problems can be specified in methods of vectors and matrices using vector processing.Features of Vector ProcessingThere are various features of Vector Processing which are as follows −A vector ...
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