Introduction RNA, or Ribonucleic Acid, is a vital molecule in the process of protein synthesis. It serves as the template for the formation of proteins, which are the building blocks of life. RNA is synthesized from DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, and carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ... Read More

Introduction Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that plays a vital role in protein synthesis. It forms the major structural and functional components of ribosomes, the molecular machines that translate mRNA into proteins. Ribosomes are complex macromolecular assemblies composed of ribosomal RNA and various proteins, and they are ... Read More

Get to Know Reverse Transcriptase Reverse transcriptase is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that is capable of synthesizing a complementary DNA strand from an RNA template. The enzyme was first discovered in retroviruses, which are RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA genomes into DNA. Reverse transcriptase ... Read More

Introduction The operon concept is a fundamental concept in molecular biology that explains the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes. The operon concept was first proposed by Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod in 1961, based on their studies of the lac operon in E. coli bacteria. The operon concept describes ... Read More

Introduction Endosomes are essential components of the eukaryotic cell’s endocytic pathway. They are dynamic membrane-bound organelles that are responsible for sorting and transporting materials from the cell surface to various intracellular compartments. Endosomes are classified into several types, each with specific functions and characteristics. In this article, we will ... Read More

Introduction DNA is the genetic material that provides instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of all living organisms. It is the molecular basis of life, and any damage to it can have serious consequences for the organism. DNA damage can occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to ... Read More

Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are two essential macromolecules that play crucial roles in storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information in living organisms. Both DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of nucleic acids. However, there are significant differences between DNA ... Read More

Introduction The cell surface is the outermost layer of the cell that interacts with the external environment. It is a dynamic and complex structure composed of various biomolecules, including lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The cell surface plays a crucial role in communication between cells and their environment, and this communication ... Read More

Introduction Protein synthesis, the process of creating proteins from amino acids, is a fundamental process in all living organisms. This process requires the cooperation of many different molecules, including ribosomes, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs). In this article, we will focus on aaRSs, the enzymes that attach ... Read More

Introduction The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The immune system can be divided into two categories − Innate Immune System Adaptive Immune System. The innate ... Read More