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Articles by Anusha Karthik
Page 8 of 12
T Helper Cells and Their Role in Adaptive Immunity
Introduction T helper cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. They are a subset of T cells that recognize and respond to specific antigens, which are molecules that are unique to pathogens. T helper cells work in conjunction with other cells of the immune system, including B cells and macrophages, to mount an effective immune response against invading pathogens. The human body is constantly exposed to a wide range of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. These microorganisms can cause infections that can lead to serious illnesses, such ...
Read MoreSynthesis of MHC class I molecules Their types and functions
Introduction The immune system is responsible for protecting the body against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. It consists of various cells and molecules that work together to identify and eliminate foreign invaders. One of the key players in this process is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecule. Below we shall investigate synthesis of MHC class I molecules, their types, and functions. Synthesis of MHC Class I Molecules MHC class I molecules are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cells. The process of MHC class I synthesis begins with the transcription of the MHC class I ...
Read MoreStructure of B-Cell Receptor and Its Signaling Pathways
Introduction B-cell receptors (BCRs) are complex protein structures found on the surface of B-lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell responsible for the production of antibodies. The BCR plays a crucial role in the immune system, enabling the B-cell to recognize and respond to foreign antigens. When an antigen binds to the BCR, it triggers a signaling pathway that leads to the activation of the B-cell and the production of specific antibodies. The structure of the BCR is composed of two main components − The antigen-binding site, which is made up of a heavy and a ...
Read MoreSpleen and Its Role as A Blood Filter
Introduction The spleen is a fascinating organ that plays a crucial role in the body's immune system and blood filtration. It is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, just behind the stomach. Although it is not essential for life, the spleen serves several important functions that help maintain the health of the body. One of its most vital functions is as a blood filter. Spleen The spleen is an oval-shaped organ that is about 4 inches long and weighs approximately 7 ounces in a healthy adult. It is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue that protects ...
Read MoreReceptor Mediated Endocytosis or Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis
Introduction Receptor Mediated Endocytosis (RME) is a highly selective process that enables cells to internalize specific molecules, such as hormones, growth factors, and nutrients, by binding to specific cell-surface receptors. Endocytosis is the process by which cells internalize extracellular material by engulfing it in vesicles that form at the plasma membrane. This process is critical for a variety of cellular functions, including nutrient uptake, receptor recycling, and cell signalling. There are several types of endocytosis, including phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), which is also known as clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). In this tutorial, we will discuss the mechanism ...
Read MoreMacrophages - The Professional Phagocytes and their Interaction with Kupffer Cells
Introduction Macrophages and Kupffer cells are both resident macrophages found in the liver, but they have distinct functions and differ in their origins. Macrophages are found throughout the body and can be recruited to the liver during inflammation or infection. The immune system plays a critical role in defending the body against harmful pathogens and foreign substances. Kupffer cells, on the other hand, are specialized macrophages that originate from fetal liver progenitors and are responsible for filtering blood in the liver. Professional phagocytes are immune cells that specialize in recognizing and engulfing foreign particles, such as bacteria, viruses, and ...
Read MorePlatelets and Their Role in Clotting
Introduction Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colourless, disc-shaped cells that play a crucial role in haemostasis, a process by which bleeding is stopped in injured blood vessels. Platelets are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood until they are needed to form a blood clot. The clotting process involves a complex interplay between platelets, coagulation factors, and blood vessel walls. Platelet Structure and Function Platelets are the smallest of the three types of blood cells, with an average size of 2-3 µm in diameter. They are produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, which ...
Read MoreMegakaryocytes - Development, Function, and Clinical Significance
Introduction Megakaryocytes are large cells found in the bone marrow that are responsible for producing platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. They are named for their large size, with a diameter ranging from 30 to 100 micrometers, and are classified as a type of hematopoietic cell, meaning they originate from stem cells in the bone marrow. Megakaryocytes are large, multinucleated cells that are responsible for producing platelets, which are essential for coagulation of blood. They are unique among bone marrow cells due to their enormous size, and their ability to undergo endomitosis, where they replicate their DNA without cell ...
Read MoreMyelocyte - A Cell of Granulocytic Series
Introduction Blood is a vital component of the human body, transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and removing waste products. It is a complex mixture of different types of cells and plasma, which work together to maintain homeostasis. White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, play a crucial role in the body’s immune system. They help defend the body against infections and other foreign invaders. One of the types of leukocytes is the myelocyte. It is a cell of the granulocytic series and is one of the stages of the maturation of neutrophils. Myelocytes are a critical part ...
Read MoreMechanism and Significance of Memory B Cells
Introduction The human immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that work together to defend the body against harmful pathogens. One of the key components of the immune system is memory B cells, which are responsible for the long-term immune response to infectious agents. Memory B cells are the vital components of the adaptive immune system, allowing the body to mount a faster and more effective immune response upon exposure to the same pathogen in the future. Mechanism of Memory B cells B cells are a type of white blood cell that are part ...
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