Introduction T helper cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. They are a subset of T cells that recognize and respond to specific antigens, which are molecules that are unique to pathogens. T helper cells work in conjunction with ... Read More

Introduction The immune system is responsible for protecting the body against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. It consists of various cells and molecules that work together to identify and eliminate foreign invaders. One of the key players in this process is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecule. ... Read More

Introduction B-cell receptors (BCRs) are complex protein structures found on the surface of B-lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell responsible for the production of antibodies. The BCR plays a crucial role in the immune system, enabling the B-cell to recognize and respond to foreign antigens. When ... Read More

Introduction The spleen is a fascinating organ that plays a crucial role in the body's immune system and blood filtration. It is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, just behind the stomach. Although it is not essential for life, the spleen serves several important functions that help ... Read More

Introduction Receptor Mediated Endocytosis (RME) is a highly selective process that enables cells to internalize specific molecules, such as hormones, growth factors, and nutrients, by binding to specific cell-surface receptors. Endocytosis is the process by which cells internalize extracellular material by engulfing it in vesicles that form at the plasma ... Read More

Introduction Macrophages and Kupffer cells are both resident macrophages found in the liver, but they have distinct functions and differ in their origins. Macrophages are found throughout the body and can be recruited to the liver during inflammation or infection. The immune system plays a critical role in defending the ... Read More

Introduction Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colourless, disc-shaped cells that play a crucial role in haemostasis, a process by which bleeding is stopped in injured blood vessels. Platelets are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood until they are needed to form a blood clot. ... Read More

Introduction Megakaryocytes are large cells found in the bone marrow that are responsible for producing platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. They are named for their large size, with a diameter ranging from 30 to 100 micrometers, and are classified as a type of hematopoietic cell, meaning they originate ... Read More

Introduction Blood is a vital component of the human body, transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and removing waste products. It is a complex mixture of different types of cells and plasma, which work together to maintain homeostasis. White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, play a crucial role ... Read More

Introduction The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a group of genes that encode for cell-surface proteins involved in antigen presentation to the immune system. These proteins are classified into two groups: MHC class I and MHC class II. MHC class II molecules are found primarily on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such ... Read More