In mathematics, functions play a vital role in describing and modeling various phenomena. A function is a rule that assigns a unique output value to each input value. The set of input values is called the domain, and the set of output values is called the range. However, in some cases, the range is not the same as the codomain, which can lead to confusion. In this essay, we will explore the difference between codomain and range. Codomain of a Function The “codomain” of a function or relation is a set of values that might possibly come out of it. ... Read More

Multiple processes that are running on various machines or nodes and interacting with one another to accomplish a single objective makeup distributed systems. In these systems, it's crucial to make sure that only one process is able to utilize a shared resource at once to prevent conflicts and data inconsistencies. One way to make sure that only one function is using a shared resource at once is through the use of mutual exclusion and Lamport's Algorithm is one of many accessible mutual exclusion algorithms. Lamportís Algorithm A centralized mutual exclusion algorithm called Lamport's Algorithm employs timestamps to determine the sequence ... Read More

Introduction Due to the non-linearity that can introduce towards the output of neurons, activation functions are essential to the functioning of neural networks. Sigmoid and tanh are two of the most often employed activation functions in neural networks. Binary classification issues frequently employ the sigmoid function in the output layer to transfer input values to a range between 0 and 1. In the deep layers of neural networks, the tanh function, which translates input values to a range between -1 and 1, is frequently applied. The usage of either function relies on the particular needs of the issue being handled ... Read More

Introduction The cell surface is the outermost layer of the cell that interacts with the external environment. It is a dynamic and complex structure composed of various biomolecules, including lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The cell surface plays a crucial role in communication between cells and their environment, and this communication is mediated by cell surface receptors. Cell surface receptors are transmembrane proteins that bind to specific molecules in the extracellular environment and transmit signals to the intracellular environment to elicit cellular responses. In this tutorial, we will explore the different types of cell surface receptors, their functions, and the ... Read More