All these three protocols provide a mechanism for flow control. Read through this article to get a basic overview of Stop and Wait, Go-Back-N, and Selective Repeat protocols. Stop and Wait Protocol It is the most fundamental flow control strategy. The transmitter sends one frame at a time to the receiver using this method. The transmitter will come to a halt and wait for the receiver to respond. The interval between sending a message and receiving an acknowledgment is known as the sender's waiting time, and the sender is idle during this time. After receiving an acknowledgment (ACK), the ... Read More

Static Routing or Non-Adaptive Routing follows user-defined routing. Here, the routing table is not changed until the network administrator changes it. Static Routing uses simple routing algorithms and provides more security than dynamic routing. Dynamic Routing or Adaptive Routing, as the name suggests, changes the routing table if there is any change in the network topology. During network change, dynamic routing sends a signal to router, recalculates the routes and sends the updated routing information. Read through this article to find out how Static Routing differs from Dynamic Routing. What is Static Routing? One of the essential techniques ... Read More

Optical fibre and Coaxial cables, both are different types of guided media cables. Optical fibre is made up of plastic and glass and is used to transmits signals in form of light or optics whereas coaxial cable is made using plastic and copper wires and is used to transmits signals in form of electric signals.The following are some of the important differences between Optical fibre and Coaxial cable.Sr. No.KeyOptical FibreCoaxial Cable1Transmission TypeOptical Fibre transmits data/signals in the form of light.The coaxial cable transmits data/signals in the form of electrical signals.2MaterialOptical fibre is made using plastic and glass.Coaxial cable is prepared ... Read More

Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of digital data modulation scheme OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing). In OFDM, a single stream of data is divided into several separate sub-streams for transmission via multiple channels. OFDM uses the principle of frequency division multiplexing (FDM), where the available bandwidth is divided into a set of sub-streams having separate frequency bands.In OFDMA, multiple access is achieved by assignment of different subsets of subcarriers to individual stations. This permits transmission to go on simultaneously at lower data rate from several stations.The stations assigned to a given subcarrier alternate between sending ... Read More

The IEEE 802.16 is a set of standards that lays down the specifications for wireless broadband technology. It has been commercialized as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) that is responsible for delivery of last mile wireless broadband access. It lays down the standards for both physical layer as well as medium access control (MAC) layer for WiMAX.Physical Layer Features of WiMAXThere are two popular services of the physical layer −Fixed WiMAX.Mobile WiMAX.WiMAX initially provided data rates of 30 – 40 Mbps. The updated version that came in 2011 provides up to 1 Gbps data rates for fixed stations.It operates ... Read More

The IEEE 802.16 set of standards lays down the specifications for wireless broadband technology. It has been commercialized as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and is responsible for delivery of last mile wireless broadband access.The IEEE 802.16 lays down the standards for both physical layer as well as medium access control (MAC) layer for WiMAX. The general structure of the IEEE protocol stack is shown as below −As shown in the diagram, IEEE 802.16 lays down the standards for physical layer and data link layer.Physical Layer − The two popular services of the physical layer are fixed WiMAX and ... Read More

The IEEE 802.16 is a set of standards that lays down the specifications for wireless broadband technology. It has been commercialized as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) that is responsible for delivery of last mile wireless broadband access.The IEEE 802.16 architecture lays down the standards for both physical layer as well as medium access control (MAC) layer for WiMAX. It initially provided data rates of 30 – 40 Mbps. The updated version that came in 2011 provides up to 1 Gbps data rates for fixed stations. It operates in the frequency band of 2 GHz to 11 GHz. The ... Read More

The 802.16 is a set of standards defined by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) that lays down the specifications for wireless broadband technology. It has been commercialized as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) that is responsible for delivery of last mile wireless broadband access.The IEEE 802.16 lays down the standards for both physical layer as well as medium access control (MAC) layer for WiMAX. It initially provided data rates of 30 – 40 Mbps. The updated version that came in 2011 provides up to 1 Gbps data rates for fixed stations. It operates in the frequency band ... Read More

Many people are unaware, that by sending an email to others, they disclose more information about them, which they do not prefer to disclose. Yes, most of you might be surprised to know this.Whenever you send an email message to others, few unwanted information also goes along with your message, which is called header information. Header information might also disclose unwished information to recipients such as your IP address, which might be easily used by the recipients in order to find your normal location and varied private things about you.Some DifferentiatorsDepending on the email provider you use, the IP address ... Read More

Today, we don’t have the time to read newspapers. Instead of that, we think it’s economical and easier to just download a news app or simply rely on different websites for various news. If I ask how many of us have been a victim of fake news, I guess all of us will raise their hands. Not everything we read or see posted by any news channel report is true. We get fake news, and no matter how much we hate it, we could not do anything except to criticize the source.Right before the election in U.S we saw how ... Read More