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The 802.16 Architecture and Protocol Stack
The 802.16 is a set of standards defined by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) that lays down the specifications for wireless broadband technology. It has been commercialized as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) that is responsible for delivery of last mile wireless broadband access.
The IEEE 802.16 lays down the standards for both physical layer as well as medium access control (MAC) layer for WiMAX. It initially provided data rates of 30 – 40 Mbps. The updated version that came in 2011 provides up to 1 Gbps data rates for fixed stations. It operates in the frequency band of 2 GHz to 11 GHz. The bandwidth is dynamically allocated as per user requirements.
IEEE 806.11 Architecture
In 806.11 architecture, two types of user stations are there −
- Subscriber stations − They are stationary in some fixed location. For example, broadband Internet for homes and offices.
- Mobile stations − They receive service while they are in motion within the range of WiMAX. For example, a WiMAX equipped vehicle.
A user station connects wirelessly to the base station, forming the last wile of the broadband network. The base station is connected to the backbone network of the broadband service provider. The backbone network is connected to Internet. The architecture is shown as follows −
IEEE 802.16 Protocol Stack
The general structure of the IEEE protocol stack is shown as below −
As shown in the diagram, IEEE 802.16 lays down the standards for physical layer and data link layer.
- Physical Layer − The two popular services of the physical layer are fixed WiMAX and mobile WiMAX. They operate in the licensed spectrum below 11 GHz. Fixed WiMAX was released in 2003 and uses OFDM; while mobile WiMAX was released in 2005 and uses scalable OFDM.
- Data Link Layer − The data link layer is subdivided into three sublayers −
- Security sublayer − This is the bottommost layer and is concerned with security and privacy of the wireless network. It deals with encryption, decryption and key management.
- MAC common sublayer − The MAC sublayer is concerned with channel management. The channel management is connection oriented, a feature that plays due to which quality of service (QoS) guarantees are given to the subscriber. The base station controls the system. It schedules the channels from base station to the subscriber (downlink channels) and also manages the channels from the subscriber to the base station (uplink channels).
- Service specific convergence sublayer − This is equivalent to logical link control layer of other systems. It provides the required services and interface to network layer.
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