Bluetooth network technology connects mobile devices wirelessly over a short-range to form a personal area network (PAN). The Bluetooth architecture has its own independent model with a stack of protocols, instead of following the standard OSI model or TCP/IP model. Another unique feature is that it is not mandatory for all the devices in the Bluetooth system to use all the protocols in the stack. This is because Bluetooth is designed to be used by myriad applications and the application designates which part of the protocol stack is to be used. Protocols in the Bluetooth Protocol Stack ... Read More

Bluetooth is a network technology that connects mobile devices wirelessly over a short-range to form a personal area network (PAN). They use short-wavelength, ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio waves within the range 2.400 to 2.485 GHz, for wireless communications.Bluetooth UsageUsage of Bluetooth can be broadly categorized into three areas −Access Points for Data and Voice − Real-time voice and data transmissions are provided by Bluetooth by connecting portable and stationary network devices wirelessly.Cable replacement − Bluetooth replaces the need for a large number of wires and cables of wired networks. The connections can be made instantly and are retained even when ... Read More

Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) is a protocol used in the Bluetooth standard that provides adaption between higher layers and the baseband layer of the Bluetooth stack. It operates just above the host-controller interface (HCI) passing data frames from the higher layers to either HCI or Link Manager.The following diagram shows the position of L2CAP in Bluetooth protocol architecture −Functions of L2CAPAdaptation between higher-layer frames and lower layer frames of the Bluetooth protocol stack.Support for both connection-oriented as well as connectionless services.Supporting two links for the Baseband layer −Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) links for real-time voice traffic using reserved ... Read More

Bluetooth communication networks are prone to signal interferences in environments where other wireless networks coexist. The problem is aggravated when they use the same frequency bands. Bluetooth technology and IEEE 802.11 networks, like Wireless LANs (WLANs) and WiFi, operate in the same unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) radio band. In order to reduce the impact of these interferences, Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH) was introduced by Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).In Adaptive Frequency Hopping, when a Bluetooth device is introduced in the network, it identifies the channels that are presently fixed for communication by WiFi or WLANs. It ... Read More

The IEEE 802.16 is a set of standards defining the specifications for wireless broadband technology. It has been commercialized as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) that is responsible for the delivery of last-mile wireless broadband access. It lays down the standards for both physical layer as well as medium access control (MAC) layer for WiMAX.The IEEE 802.16 MAC sublayer is a part of the data link layer. The data link layer of WiMAX is divided into three sublayers as follows −Security sublayer − This is the bottommost layer and is concerned with the security and privacy of the wireless ... Read More

The IEEE 802.16 set of standards lays down the specifications for wireless broadband technology. It has been commercialized as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) that is responsible for the delivery of last-mile wireless broadband access.The IEEE 802.16 MAC sublayer is the most important sublayer and concerned with channel management. It has been designed for connection-oriented channel management for point-to-multipoint (PMP) broadband services.The frame format of a generic MAC frame is shown below −The fields are −EC − A single-bit field indicating whether the payload is encrypted.Type − A 6-bit field identifying frame type.CI − A single-bit field denoting the ... Read More

WiFi is a wireless network to connect nearby devices with each other and share the Internet via hotspots. Ethernet, on the other hand, is a LAN network standard used in wired LAN. Go through this article to find out more about the features of WiFi and Ethernet and how they are different from each other.What is WiFi?WiFi stands for Wireless Fidelity. It defines any network based on the 802.11 standards, allows computers and devices with the required wireless capacity to communicate via radio waves with other computers or devices. IEEE established the 802.11 network standards, which describe how two wireless ... Read More

WiFi is a wireless network that is used to connect nearby devices with each other and share the Internet via hotspots. The Internet, on the other hand, is a global network of networks where computers communicate with each other via Internet Protocol. Go through this article to find out more about the features of WiFi and the Internet and how they are different from each other.What is WiFi?WiFi stands for Wireless Fidelity. It defines any network based on the 802.11 standards, allows computers and devices with the required wireless capacity to communicate via radio waves with other computers or devices. ... Read More

Both Google Fi and Ting are Mobile Virtual Network Operator, MVNO and provides telephone calls, SMS and mobile broadband services using cellular networks and WiFi.Google FiGoogle Fi offers wireless services and access to a wide range of online services provided by Google. In the US, Google Fi is available on T-Mobile, Sprint and US Cellular networks.TingTing is a wireless service provider based in Toronto, Ontario. In Ting, there is no subscription plan, users pay as per their usage. Ting ISP was launched in Feb'2012 by Tucow's Inc.The following are some of the important differences between Google Fi and Ting.Sr. No.KeyGoogle ... Read More

As an analogy, we can think of connection-oriented services as telephone systems, where a connection needs to be established between a sender and a receiver before they can exchange data. In contrast, connection-less services are like traditional postal systems where data exchange can take place between a sender and a receiver without establishing a connection. Go through this article to find out the major differences between connection-oriented and connection-less services. What is Connection-oriented Service? A connection-oriented service is a data transfer mechanism used at the session layer. In contrast to its opposite, connectionless service, connection-oriented service necessitates establishing a session ... Read More