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Computer Engineering Articles
Page 7 of 36
Collision-Free Protocols
In computer networks, when more than one station tries to transmit simultaneously via a shared channel, the transmitted data is garbled. This event is called collision. The Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of the OSI model is responsible for handling collision of frames. Collision-free protocols are devised so that collisions do not occur. Protocols like CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA nullify the possibility of collisions once the transmission channel is acquired by any station. However, collision can still occur during the contention period if more than one station starts to transmit at the same time. Collision-free protocols resolve collision in the ...
Read MoreBit-Map Protocol
Bit-map protocol is a collision-free protocol that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of the OSI model. It resolves any possibility of collisions while multiple stations are contending for acquiring a shared channel for transmission. In this protocol, if a station wishes to transmit, it broadcasts itself before the actual transmission. This is an example of a Reservation Protocol, where stations reserve the channel before data transmission begins. Working Principle In this protocol, the contention period is divided into N slots, where N is the total number of stations sharing the channel. If a station ...
Read MoreThe Adaptive Tree Walk Protocol
The Adaptive Tree Walk Protocol is a channel access technique for shared communication channels that dynamically combines the advantages of collision-based protocols (like ALOHA) and collision-free protocols. It adapts to network load conditions by organizing stations in a hierarchical tree structure. In computer networks, when multiple stations transmit simultaneously over a shared channel, their data collides and becomes garbled. Collision-based protocols like ALOHA allow all stations to transmit freely without checking channel availability, which works well under light loads. Collision-free protocols resolve channel access through contention periods, eliminating collisions but adding overhead that benefits heavy loads. The Adaptive ...
Read MoreArchitecture of Classic Ethernet
Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in the 1980s as the IEEE 802.3 standard. Ethernet is classified into two categories: classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet. Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet that provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps. The varieties are commonly referred to as 10BASE-X. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput (10 Mbps), BASE denotes use of baseband transmission, and X is the type of medium used. Architecture Classic Ethernet is the simplest form of Ethernet. It comprises an Ethernet ...
Read MoreSwitched Ethernet vs. Classic Ethernet
Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard. Ethernet can be broadly classified into two types − Types of Ethernet Classic Ethernet Hub-based Shared medium 3-10 Mbps Switched Ethernet Switch-based Dedicated connections Higher speeds What are Classic Ethernet and Switched Ethernet? Classic Ethernet is the original ...
Read MoreWhat is Classic Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol?
Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet used primarily in LANs, providing data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps. It operates both in the physical layer and in the MAC (Media Access Control) sublayer of the OSI model. In the physical layer, the features of cables and networks are considered, while in the MAC sublayer, the frame formats for Ethernet data transmission are defined. Classic Ethernet was first standardized in the 1980s as the IEEE 802.3 standard, establishing the foundation for modern Ethernet technologies. Frame Format of Classic Ethernet Classic Ethernet frames can be either Ethernet ...
Read MoreThe Modulation and Multiplexing
Modulation is the process of transforming a carrier signal so that it can carry the information of a message signal. It superimposes the contents of the message signal over a high-frequency carrier signal, which is then transmitted over communication channels. The primary purpose of modulation is to enable long-distance transmission of information by converting low-frequency message signals into high-frequency carrier signals that can propagate effectively through various communication media. Modulation Process Message Signal Modulator Modulated ...
Read MoreFast Ethernet (802.3u)
Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u) is a variation of Ethernet standards that carries data traffic at 100 Mbps in local area networks. It was launched as the IEEE 802.3u standard in 1995 and remained the fastest network technology until the introduction of Gigabit Ethernet. Fast Ethernet is commonly named 100BASE-X, where 100 represents the maximum throughput (100 Mbps), BASE denotes the use of baseband transmission, and X indicates the type of medium used (TX or FX). Fast Ethernet Evolution 10BASE-T 10 Mbps 100BASE-TX ...
Read MoreReference Models in Computer Network
In computer networks, reference models provide a conceptual framework that standardizes communication between heterogeneous networks. These models define how data should flow through different layers of network architecture, ensuring interoperability between different systems and technologies. The two most widely adopted reference models are: OSI Model − A theoretical seven-layer model TCP/IP Protocol Suite − A practical four-layer model used on the Internet OSI Model The OSI (Open System Interconnection) model was developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO). It provides a layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communication should occur between heterogeneous systems through ...
Read MoreThe Data Link Layer of OSI Model
The Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model converts the raw transmission facility provided by the physical layer into a reliable and error-free communication link between adjacent network nodes. This layer acts as a bridge between the physical transmission medium and the network layer, ensuring that data frames are delivered accurately across a single network segment or local link. Primary Functions Framing − It breaks up the stream of bits into manageable data frames, typically ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand bytes in size. Addressing − It ensures ...
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