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Computer Engineering Articles
Page 5 of 36
Client Server Computing
Client-Server Computing is a distributed computing model where clients request resources and servers provide those resources. A server can serve multiple clients simultaneously, while each client typically communicates with one server at a time. Both components usually communicate via a computer network, though they may reside on the same system. Client-Server Architecture Server Client 1 Client 2 ...
Read MoreStorage Device Hierarchy
Computer storage has components that store computer data. The storage device hierarchy organizes these components based on speed, cost, and capacity. The hierarchy follows a trade-off principle: faster storage is more expensive and has lower capacity, while slower storage is cheaper with higher capacity. Storage Device Hierarchy CPU Registers Cache Memory Primary Storage (RAM) ...
Read MoreComputer Storage Definitions and Notations
Computer storage contains many components that are used to store computer data. Understanding the different types of storage devices and their capacity measurements is essential for working with modern computing systems. Computer Storage Types Computer storage devices are classified into Primary and Secondary Storage devices based on their accessibility by the CPU and data permanence. Computer Storage Hierarchy Computer Storage Primary Storage Secondary Storage ...
Read MoreComputer System Organisation
The computer system is a combination of many parts such as peripheral devices, secondary memory, CPU, device controllers, and a shared memory bus. These components work together to execute programs and handle input/output operations. Computer System Organisation The following diagram shows how the CPU, memory, and I/O device controllers are connected through a common system bus − Computer System Organisation CPU Processor Memory RAM Disk Controller ...
Read MoreOperating system time slicing in round robin scheduling
Round Robin (RR) is a CPU scheduling algorithm where each process is assigned a fixed time slot called a time slice (or time quantum). The CPU cycles through all ready processes in order, giving each one the time slice. If a process does not finish within its time slice, it is moved to the back of the queue and the next process gets the CPU. This is one of the simplest and most widely used scheduling algorithms in operating systems, especially in time-sharing systems where fair CPU allocation is important. How Round Robin Scheduling Works The scheduler ...
Read MoreCoaxial Cable
Coaxial cables, commonly called coax, are copper cables with metal shielding designed to provide immunity against noise and greater bandwidth. Coax can transmit signals over larger distances at a higher speed as compared to twisted pair cables. Structure of Coaxial Cables Coax has a central core of stiff copper conductor for transmitting signals. This is covered by an insulating material. The insulator is encased by a closely woven braided metal outer conductor that acts as a shield against noise. The outer conductor is again enclosed by a plastic insulating cover. Coaxial Cable Structure ...
Read MoreWho's Who in the Internet Standards World
Internet Standards refer to all the documented requirements both in technology as well as methodology pertaining to the Internet. The standardization process has maturity levels that ensure protocols are thoroughly tested before widespread adoption. Internet Standards Maturity Levels Proposed Standard − Standards that are ready for implementation but can be revised according to deployment circumstances. Internet Standard − Technically matured standards that define protocols and message formats. These include fundamental standards that form the Internet Protocol (IP). Internet Standards Organizations IETF Standards ...
Read MoreWho's Who in the Telecommunications World
The service domains, legal status, and scopes of telecommunication companies worldwide are varied. To provide compatibility among different agencies, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) was formed. ITU is a specialized agency of the United Nations that standardizes information and communication technologies worldwide. ITU serves as the central coordinating body for global telecommunications, bringing together governments and private sector companies to ensure seamless international communication. Its membership represents the who's who of the telecommunications world. ITU: Global Telecommunications Coordination ITU-T Standards ...
Read MoreArchitecture of the Internet
The architecture of the Internet is a dynamic, multi-layered structure that continuously evolves with advancing technologies and changing service demands. Due to its heterogeneous nature and vast scale, the Internet's architecture can be best understood through a hierarchical model. Three-Level Internet Architecture The Internet's overall architecture consists of three distinct levels: Tier-1 ISPs (Backbone Internet Service Providers) Tier-2 ISPs (Regional Internet Service Providers) Tier-3 ISPs and End Users (Local ISPs and Clients) Internet Architecture Hierarchy Tier-1 ISPs (Backbone Networks) ...
Read MoreProtocol and Protocol Hierarchies
A protocol is a set of rules and conventions agreed upon and followed by the communicating entities for data communication. A protocol outlines the what, how, and when of a communication. Three Aspects of a Protocol Syntax − It defines the format of data that is to be sent or received. Semantics − It defines the meaning of each section of bits that are transferred. Timing − It defines the time at which data is transferred as well as the speed at which it is transferred. ...
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