Wireless local area networks (WLAN) have become increasingly popular in recent years as technology advances and the demand for more mobile and flexible network solutions grows. WLANs are a type of wireless networking that allows devices to connect to the internet or other networks without the need for physical cables. This type of networking has many advantages and disadvantages, which will be discussed in this article. Advantages of WLAN Mobility and Flexibility One of the biggest advantages of WLANs is the mobility and flexibility they provide. With a WLAN, users can easily connect to the network from anywhere within the ... Read More

Voice over Long-Term Evolution (VoLTE) is a technology that enables mobile users to make voice calls over a 4G LTE network, as opposed to traditional 2G and 3G networks. This technology offers several advantages over the traditional voice calling methods, but it also has some drawbacks. In this article, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of VoLTE and provide examples of how this technology is being used in the real world. Advantages of VoLTE High-quality voice calls One of the biggest advantages of VoLTE is the improved quality of voice calls. Traditional 2G and 3G networks use circuit-switched technology, ... Read More

EncoderA digital circuit that executes the inverse services of a decoder is known as an encoder. It has 2n input lines and n output lines. In an encoder, the output lines create the binary code equivalent to the input value. The figure displays the general architecture of an encoder circuit.DecoderThe decoder is an electronic device that can modify a digital signal to an analog signal. It enables a single input line and creates multiple output lines. The decoders are used in several communication projects that are connected between two devices. The decoder enables N- inputs and creates 2 power N-numbers ... Read More

In object oriented programming, both constructor and destructor are the member functions of a class having the same name as the class. A constructor helps in initialization of an object, i.e., it allocates memory to an object. On the other hand, a destructor deletes the created constructor when it is of no use which means it deallocates the memory of an object. In this article, we will discuss the important differences between constructors and destructors. Let's start with some basic concepts of constructors and destructors. What is a Constructor? A constructor is a member function of a class that initializes ... Read More

In a connectionless communication systems, datagram refers to the smallest unit via which data is transmitted. Datagrams are data packets which contain adequate header information so that they can be individually routed by all intermediate network switching devices to the destination. These networks are called datagram networks since communication occurs via datagrams. They exist in packet switching networks.Features of Datagram NetworksDatagram switching is done at the network layer of the communication system.In datagram networks, each data packet or datagram is routed independently from the source to the destination even if they belong to the same message. The network treats the ... Read More

In packet switching networks using datagrams, datagrams are data packets which contain adequate header information so that they can be individually routed by all intermediate switching devices to the destination. These networks are called datagram networks since communication occurs via datagrams.Routing PrincipleIn datagram networks, each data packet is routed independently from the source to the destination even if they belong to the same message. No prior resource or channel allocation is done for the individual packets. As the datagrams are treated as independent units, no dedicated path is fixed for data transfer. Each datagram is routed by the intermediate routers ... Read More

In telecommunications, store − and − forward packet switching is a technique where the data packets are stored in each intermediate node, before they are forwarded to the next node. The intermediate node checks whether the packet is error−free before transmitting, thus ensuring integrity of the data packets. In general, the network layer operates in an environment that uses store and forward packet switching.Working PrincipleThe node which has a packet to send, delivers it to the nearest node, i.e. router. The packet is stored in the router until it has fully arrived and its checksum is verified for error detection. ... Read More

The network layer or layer 3 of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is concerned delivery of data packets from the source to the destination across multiple hops or links. It is the lowest layer that is concerned with end − to − end transmission. The designers who are concerned with designing this layer needs to cater to certain issues. These issues encompasses the services provided to the upper layers as well as internal design of the layer.The design issues can be elaborated under four heads −Store − and − Forward Packet SwitchingServices to Transport LayerProviding Connection Oriented ServiceProviding Connectionless ... Read More

The main function of the network layer or layer 3 of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is delivery of data packets from the source to the destination across multiple hops or links. It also controls the operation of the subnet.The functions are elaborated as below −When data is to be sent, the network layer accepts data from the transport layer above, divides and encapsulates it into packets and sends it to the data link layer. The reverse procedure is done during receiving data.The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source host to the destination host. The ... Read More

The network layer or Layer 3 of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is responsible for the source to destination delivery of data packets across multiple hops or nodes. It controls the operation of the subnet.The position of the network layer in the OSI model is depicted in the following diagram −Functions of the Network LayerThe network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source host to the destination host. The routes can be based upon static tables that are rarely changed; or they can be automatically updated depending upon network conditions.Many networks are partitioned into sub-networks or subnets. ... Read More