Article Categories
- All Categories
-
Data Structure
-
Networking
-
RDBMS
-
Operating System
-
Java
-
MS Excel
-
iOS
-
HTML
-
CSS
-
Android
-
Python
-
C Programming
-
C++
-
C#
-
MongoDB
-
MySQL
-
Javascript
-
PHP
-
Economics & Finance
Computer Engineering Articles
Page 8 of 36
The Host-to-Network Layer in TCP/IP Model
The host-to-network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model and is concerned with the physical transmission of data. It is also called a network interface layer or link layer. It can be considered as the combination of physical layer and data link layer of the OSI model. Functions of Host-to-Network Layer Bit encoding − It defines how bits are to be encoded into optical or electrical pulses. Frame encapsulation − It accepts IP packets from the network layer and encapsulates them into frames. It synchronizes the transmission of the frames as well ...
Read MoreThe Internet Layer in the TCP/IP Model
The Internet layer is responsible for logical transmission of data packets over the internet. It can be compared to the network layer of the OSI model and serves as the backbone for routing data across interconnected networks. The main functions of the internet layer are: It transmits data packets to the link layer It routes each of the data packets independently from the source to the destination, using the optimal route It reassembles the out-of-order packets when they reach the destination It handles the error in transmission of data packets and fragmentation of data packets ...
Read MoreThe Transport Layer in TCP/IP Model
The transport layer is responsible for error-free, end-to-end delivery of data from the source host to the destination host. It corresponds to the transport layer of the OSI model and serves as a critical interface between application processes and the underlying network infrastructure. The functions of the transport layer are − It facilitates the communicating hosts to carry on a conversation by establishing logical connections between applications. It provides an interface for the users to the underlying network, abstracting network complexity from applications. It can provide for a reliable connection and carries out error checking, flow control, ...
Read MoreWhat is Multistation access unit (MSAU)?
A multistation access unit (MSAU), also called a media access unit (MAU), is a central device that acts as Ethernet transceivers in local area networks. It is used to connect network stations or nodes in LANs and operates according to the principle of token ring. The multiple stations are connected in a star topology physically but are internally wired into a logical ring. MSAU - Physical Star, Logical Ring MSAU 1 ...
Read MoreFrame bursting in Computer Network
Frame bursting is a transmission technique used at the data link layer of the OSI model to increase the rate of transmission of data frames. It can be effectively deployed in Gigabit Ethernet networks to increase network throughput and is specified in the IEEE 802.11e QoS specification. By this technique, a sender can transmit a series of frames in succession without surrendering control of the transmission medium. A set of smaller frames may be concatenated to form a large frame that is transmitted at one go, reducing overhead and improving efficiency. How Frame Bursting Works Standard Transmission ...
Read MoreRetrospective on Ethernet
Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in the 1980s as the IEEE 802.3 standard and has evolved continuously ever since. Few networking technologies have demonstrated such remarkable consistency and longevity in their usability and adoption. Since its inception, Ethernet has undergone significant transformations while maintaining backward compatibility, making it the dominant LAN technology worldwide. Its evolution reflects the growing demands for higher bandwidth and improved network performance. Advantages of Ethernet Simple and reliable − Ethernet uses straightforward protocols and proven technology that works ...
Read MoreDistributed Coordination Function (DCF)
Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) is a mandatory medium access control technique used in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks (Wi-Fi) to prevent frame collisions. DCF implements Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) to coordinate channel access among multiple wireless stations. Unlike wired networks that can detect collisions, wireless networks cannot easily detect when two stations transmit simultaneously due to the hidden terminal problem. DCF solves this by using collision avoidance mechanisms rather than collision detection. How DCF Works The DCF process follows these key steps: Random Backoff − When a station has data to ...
Read MoreDifference between Hub and Switch
A hub and a switch are both networking devices used to connect multiple devices, but they operate fundamentally differently. Hubs are basic network devices that operate at the Physical Layer and broadcast data to all connected devices. Switches function at the Data Link Layer and intelligently forward data only to the intended recipient using MAC addresses. Understanding the differences between hubs and switches is crucial for network design, as switches have largely replaced hubs in modern networks due to their superior performance and security features. What is a Hub? A hub is a basic networking device that ...
Read MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of the OSI Model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven abstraction layers. While it serves as an important reference model for understanding network communication, it has both significant advantages and notable limitations. OSI Model Structure 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport ...
Read MoreDifference between LAN and VLAN
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a physical network that connects devices within a limited geographical area, while a Virtual LAN (VLAN) is a logical network that groups devices across potentially multiple physical networks. VLANs enhance network performance, security, and management by creating broadcast domains independent of physical location. Understanding the distinction between these two networking concepts is essential for network design and administration. What is LAN? A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that spans a limited geographical area, typically within a single building or campus. It connects computers, servers, printers, and other networked devices ...
Read More