Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
Operating System
Java
MS Excel
iOS
HTML
CSS
Android
Python
C Programming
C++
C#
MongoDB
MySQL
Javascript
PHP
The main reason for containing cache memory in a computer is to increase system performance by decreasing the time required to access memory. The component of cache performance are cache hits and cache misses.Each time the CPU accesses memory, it determines the cache. If the requested data is in the cache, the CPU accesses the data in the cache, instead of physical memory, this is a cache hit. If the data is not in the cache, the CPU accesses the data from the main memory. This is a cache miss.The average memory access time, TM is the weighted average of ... Read More
IEEE developed the IEEE 754 floating-point standard. This standard defines set formats and operation modes. All computers conforming to this standard would always calculate the same result for the same computation. This standard does not specify arithmetic procedures and hardware to be used to perform computations. For example, a CPU can meet the standard whether it uses shift-add hardware or the Wallace tree to multiply two significant.The IEEE 754 standard specifies two precisions for floating-point numbers. Single precision numbers have 32 bits − 1 for the sign, 8 for the exponent, and 23 for the significand. The significand also includes ... Read More
In this section, there are two ways to take advantage of this redundancy to reduce the number of microinstructions needed by the control unit. The first method uses microsubroutines to combine repeated micro-operations into a single block of micro-instructions, which are accessed by two or more execute routines. The other method uses microcode jump to access microinstruction shared by two or more routines.MicrosubroutinesJust as high-level and assembly language codes use subroutines, a microsequencer can also use microsubroutines. As with high-level code, a microsequencer uses microsubroutines for sequences of actions that are performed in more than one routine in a microcode. ... Read More
In vertical microcode, each microinstruction is encoded i.e., the bit field can pass through intermediate combinatory logic which in turn creates the actual control signals for internal CPU components (ALU, registers, etc). In vertical microcode, the micro-operations are grouped into fields such that no more than one micro-operation in a field is active during any state. Then a unique field value is assigned to each micro-operation in the field.For example, a field with eight different micro-operations would require 3 bits, each value from 000 to 111 would be assigned to one of the eight micro-operations. The micro-operation field bits are ... Read More
In horizontal microcode, each micro-operation is represented by one bit in each microinstruction. Horizontal microcode is generally included in a fairly wide control save it is not exceptional for each work to be 56 bits or more. On each click of a sequencer clock, a microcode word is read, decoded, and used to control the functional components which create up the CPU. The micro-operations and their mnemonics are shown in the table.Microoperations and their mnemonics for the very simple CPUMnemonicMicro-OperationARPCAR←PCARDRAR←DR[5….0]PCINPC←PC+1PCDRPC←DR[5…0]DRMDR←MIRDRIR←DR[7…6]PLUSAC←AC+DRANDAC←AC ^ DRACINAC←AC+1Since there are nine micro-operations, each word of microcode requires 9 bits to represent them, 1 bit per micro-operation. ... Read More
The microprogram sequence is a general-purpose building block for the microprogrammed control unit. The main objective of the microprogram sequencer is to demonstrate an address to the control memory so that microinstruction can be read and executed. The next address logic of the sequencer decides the particular address source to be loaded into the control address register. The figure shows the layout of the simple microsequencer.There are only two possible next addresses are used − the opcode mapping and an absolute jump. The last state of the fetch cycle, FETCH3, goes to one of the four execute routines. This must ... Read More
A microsequencer is also designed as a finite state machine. Consider the generic microsequencer shown in the figure. The register stores a value that corresponds to one state in the CPU’s state diagram. It serves as the address that is input to the microcode memory. This memory outputs a microinstruction, the contents of the memory location for that address.The microinstruction consists of a several-bit field, which can be broken into two groups. The first group is the microoperations. These signals are output from the microsequencer to the rest of the CPU. The second group of bits of the microinstruction is ... Read More
The BasicLinearAlgebra library helps represent matrices and perform matrix math on Arduino. To install it, search for 'BasicLinearAlgebra' in the Library Manager.Once installed, go to: File → Examples → BasicLinearAlgebra → HowToUseAs the name suggests, this example shows how to use this library. While the comments in this example do much of the explanation, here are a few pointers that help illustrate the use of this library −You need to include the library and define the BLA namespace before getting started, as all the functions are wrapped up inside the BLA namespace.#include using namespace BLA;A matrix is defined using ... Read More
The Complex library by RobTillart helps perform complex number math in Arduino. In order to install this library, you can search for 'Complex' in library manager. The library can be found on GitHub. (Pay attention to the Readme. The library doesn't compile for Due and Teensy 3.5. A solution is provided there).Once installed, go to: File → Examples → Complex and open the complex.ino example.This example covers all the operations that you can perform with complex numbers. While the example is too large to reproduce here, here are a few points to note −Complex numbers are defined as Complex var(real, ... Read More
The Serial filtering library in Arduino helps you to apply some low pass filters and the median filter on any incoming data, to give you the filtered output. The GitHub repo of this library can be found here, and it is pretty detailed.In order to install the library, download the source code from GitHub, and place the 'Filter' folder in the libraries folder of Arduino (on Windows, the path is typically: C:/Users//Documents/Arduino/libraries)Once that is done, in the Arduino IDE, open File→Examples→Filter and pick an example of your choice (firFilter for example)As you can see, the code is quite straightforward.#include ... Read More