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The Booth multiplication algorithm defines a multiplication algorithm that can multiply two signed binary numbers in two’s complement. This algorithm helps in the study of computer architecture.Booth’s algorithm contains the addition of one of two predetermined values (A and S) to a product (P) continually and then implementing a rightward arithmetic shift on the product (P). Let us consider the predetermined values to be A and S, and the product to be P. Consider that the multiplicand and multiplier are m and r respectively. Let the number of bits in m and r be x and y respectively.The Booth’s multiplication ... Read More
An algorithm to multiply two numbers is known as the multiplication algorithm. The hardware multiply algorithm is used in digital electronics such as computers to multiply binary digits. The figure shows the flowchart for the hardware multiply algorithm.In the flowchart shown in the figure, the multiplicand is in Y and the multiplier is in Q. The signs related to Y8 and Q8 are in respectively. These signs are compared and both X and Q are set to correspond to the sign of the product because a double-length product will be stored in registers X and Q.The registers X and E ... Read More
Binary numbers are subtracted by performing two’s complement on the subtrahend. Two’s complement is done through the following steps −Complement every digit. That is, change 1 to 0 and 0 to 1.Add 1 to the output.The following example illustrates the subtraction operation of binary digits using the above-mentioned steps.Example: 11101011 - 01100110The second value 01100110 is to be subtracted from the first value 11101011.First apply two’s complement to the second value 01100110, i.e., follow the two steps as shown.Step 1: 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 (change 1 to 0 ... Read More
The addition of binary numbers is easy yet tedious at the same time. It is a fundamental feature of digital computers, and hence it is important to know how to add binary digits.Almost all the operations of a computer depend on binary addition. Once we understand the addition of two binary digits, it is easier to understand subtraction, multiplication, and division of binary digits.We can start by adding two binary bits. As you are aware a bit can be either 0 or 1. Therefore, we can have only four possible input combinations. The four possible input combinations and their output ... Read More
RISCRISC represents Reduced Instruction Set Computer. In Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture, the instruction set of the computer is simplified to reduce the execution time. RISC has a small set of instructions, which generally include register-to-register operations. In RISC, all instructions have simple register addressing and hence use less number of addressing modes.CISCCISC represents Complex Instruction Set Computer. It comprises a complex instruction set. It incorporates a variable-length instruction format. Instructions that require register operands may take only two bytes.If the computer has 32-bit words (four bytes), the first instruction occupies half a word, while the second instruction needs ... Read More
RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. In Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture, the instruction set of the computer is simplified to reduce the execution time. RISC has a small set of instructions, which generally include register-to-register operations.Thus, data is stored in processor registers for computations, and results of the computations are transferred to the memory using store instructions. All operations are performed within the registers of the CPU. In RISC, all instructions have simple register addressing and hence use less number of addressing modes.RISC uses relatively a simple instruction format and is easy to decode. Here, the instruction ... Read More
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. It comprises a complex instruction set. It incorporates a variable-length instruction format. Instructions that require register operands can take only two bytes.The instructions that require two memory addresses can take five bytes to include the complete instruction code. Thus, CISC has a variable-length encoding of instructions and the execution of instructions may take a varying number of clock cycles. The CISC processor provides direct manipulation of operands that are in memory.The task of a compiler is to generate a sequence of machine instructions for each high-level language statement. The task is simplified if ... Read More
Program interrupt defines the transfer of program control from a currently running program to another service program as a result of an external or internal created request. Control returns to the initial program after the service program is implemented.There are three major types of program interrupts that are as follows −External InterruptsExternal interrupts come from input-output (l/0) devices, from a timing device, from a circuit monitoring the power supply, or from any other external source. The timeout interrupt can result from a program that is in an endless loop and thus exceeded its time allocation. Power failure interrupt can have ... Read More
A statement of account or account statement is a document that enlists transactions between a buyer and a seller. It is a summary of all transactions that take place within a specified period. Business managers use account statements to learn the productivity of their efforts and account statements are a great tool to measure productivity.In the case of businesses, the value of changing items is reflected in the account statements. The account statements offer an opportunity to business managers to re-check the general ledger when there is an unsettled balance in it. This would reveal the reason for not including ... Read More
There are two types of assets associated with a company - the real assets and the financial assets. Real assets are needed to continue operations and financial assets are non-physical assets that can be converted to cash easily. Real assets are called real because they often have a real form that can be touched or felt. Financial assets on the other hand are mostly found only as records.Real Assets and Financial AssetsReal assets help companies to generate revenue and are important because they have an intrinsic value related to them. The intrinsic value depends on the substance and properties of ... Read More