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The bonds are usually rated on their creditworthiness and long-term yield. AAA is such a rating. It is considered the best rating any bond can get and as mentioned, only bonds with a high degree of creditworthiness and yield get this rating.Businesses also get AAA ratings but the guidelines are too tough. For example, in 2020 only Microsoft and Johnson & Johnson got AAA ratings. The AAA ratings are offered to bonds that are interpreted to achieve the obligations in time. As is obvious, for the same reason, AAA bonds never face a lack of investors' interest.Creditworthiness and yield are ... Read More
Accountant responsibility is the collective term associated with the responsibilities of the accountant. This may include official responsibilities including accounting or the responsibilities toward the stakeholders. In both cases, the accountant has to remain at the best of ethical standards to make the organization more accountable and high-performing in general.Responsibilities towards BusinessThe accountant looks at the profits and losses and prepares reports for the business managers for decision-making.Accountants help auditors to audit various departments, providing financial information required by them.Accountants look at the budgets, especially during the end of the financial year to make sure there is no overspending.They keep ... Read More
An Accountant is a professional who prepares, interprets, and organizes the financial transaction of a business or an individual. Although the term "bookkeeper" is often used to mean accountants, there are many differences between the two.For example, accountants usually interpret financial information while bookkeepers just compile them. To become a bookkeeper, an associate degree is required while to become an accountant at least a bachelor's degree is needed.Additionally, accountants clearing the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) are considered the best in the profession. The CPA is the gold standard in the field of accountancy.Roles of an AccountantFollowing are some of the ... Read More
China A-shares or simply A-shares are the stocks that are traded in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. They are also called domestic shares because the Chinese currency Renminbi is needed in the trades.These shares are heavily restricted by the Chinese government and accessing them is almost impossible by foreign investors. However, the authorities have allowed some Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (QFII) to deal in A-shares since 2003.China A-shares and China B SharesFor the foreign investors, there are B-shares that deal in Dollars. The idea is to keep foreign investors away from getting a share in Chinese companies while also allowing ... Read More
Market Capitalization represents the total dollar market value of the total number of shares of a company. Also called market cap, it is determined by multiplying total number of outstanding stock and the price of one stock in the market.For an example, a company that has 1 million stocks each priced at $100 would have a market cap of $100 million. Market cap is used to determine a company’s size in contrast to its sales value or total assets outstanding value. It is therefore a very important figure for a company’s value for the investors.In times of acquisition, market cap ... Read More
There are various characteristics of CMOS which are as follows −Noise Margin − The noise margin of CMOS logic ICs is significantly greater than that of TTL ICs. These circuits are available with a broad supply voltage range and the noise margin improves with the supply of voltage VCC.The noise margin of CMOS is roughly 0.45 VDD. If the operating voltage is 12 V, the noise margin will be 5.4V. This implies that the connecting link between the driver and the load will not be affected by the noise interference unless the peak value of the noise picked up exceeds ... Read More
The priority encoder is a circuit that executes the priority function. The logic of the priority encoder is such that two or more inputs appear at an equal time, the input having the largest priority will take precedence. The truth table of a four-input priority encoder is given in the table. The X’s in the table designate don’t care conditions. Input I0 has the largest priority, so indifferent of the values of other inputs when this is input is 1, the output creates an output xy=00.I1 has the next priority level. The output is 01 if I1=1 supported that I0=0, ... Read More
Wormhole routing is a unique case of virtual cut-through, where the buffers at the intermediate nodes are the size of a flit. The network latency is equal to in virtual cut-through and thus autonomous of the communication distance.The advantage of wormhole routing over circuit switching and virtual cut-through appears in networks where contention is not negligible. In circuit switching, once a channel is assigned to a message, it cannot be used by other messages until the channels become free. In virtual cut-through, blocked messages should be saved in the buffer of intermediate nodes.In wormhole routing, channels can be transferred by ... Read More
There are two basic problems to be solved in any scalable computer systems such as −Tolerate and hide the latency of remote loads.Tolerate and hide idling because of synchronization between parallel processors.Remote loads are unavoidable in scalable parallel systems that use some form of distributed memory. Accessing a local memory usually requires only one clock cycle while access to a remote memory cell can take two orders of magnitude longer time. If a processor issuing a remote load operation had to wait for the operation to be completed without doing any usual work in the meantime, the remote load would ... Read More
USB represents Universal Serial Bus. It is an industry-standard developed in the mid-1990s that represents the cables, connectors, and communication protocols used in a bus for connection, communication, and power supply among computer and electronic devices.USB operates at 12 Mbps with particular consideration for low-cost peripherals. It provides up to 127 devices with both synchronous and asynchronous data transfers. A USB cable has a rectangular “TYPE A” plug at the computer end and a square “TYPE B” plug at the peripheral end.A Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a common interface that allows the connection between devices and host controllers including ... Read More