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What is Electric Arc Welding?The process of welding in which heat is produced by creating an electric arc to join metal workpieces is known as electric arc welding.Electric arc welding is a type of welding that uses a welding power supply to create an electric arc between a metal stick, called electrode, and the workpiece to melt the metals at the point of contact.Electric arc welding can use either DC supply or AC supply and a consumable or non-consumable electrode.Working Principle of Electric Arc WeldingThe process of electric arc welding is based on the principle that, when electric current is ... Read More
Electric Arc FurnaceAn electric furnace is the furnace that heats materials by means of an electric arc is called an electric arc furnace (EAF). Electric arc furnaces are mainly used for melting or extracting of ferrous or non-ferrous metals which need a high temperature operation. The electric arc furnace produces an electric arc which gives an arc temperature between 3000 °C and 3500 °C on L.T. (Low Tension) operation.Basically, the electric arc is nothing but the flow electric current through an air gap between two conducting electrodes.Working of Electric Arc FurnaceFrom the working of an electric arc furnace simply means ... Read More
What is Dielectric Heating?The process of heating in which a high-frequency alternating electric field or radio waves or microwave electromagnetic radiation are used to heat the dielectric materials is known as dielectric heating.Dielectric heating is also known as electronic heating, radio frequency (R.F.) heating, high frequency heating and diathermy.Dielectric heating is mainly used for heating of insulators like wood, plastics and ceramics, etc. which cannot be heated easily and uniformly by the other methods of heating.The frequency of the input supply required for dielectric heating ranges from 10 MHz to 15 MHz and the applied voltage is 20 kV.Principle of ... Read More
During the welding process by the gas welding or arc welding, the gas flame or electric arc can be moved towards the direction of weld progression or opposite to the direction of the weld progression. Depending upon the direction of the move of flame or arc with respect to the weld bead, the welding techniques can be classified into two types viz −Forehand WeldingBackhand WeldingForehand WeldingThe gas or arc welding technique in which the flame or electrode advances in the direction of the weld progression is known as forehand welding. It is also known as push welding or forward welding. ... Read More
There are various methods to control the temperature of the resistance heating at certain selected points in a furnace or oven, as per certain limits. The temperature control of resistance heating may be required in order to hold the furnace temperature constant or to vary it as per the requirements and it can be carried out manually or automatically.In case resistance furnaces or ovens, the developed heat is given by, $$\mathrm{\mathit{H}\:=\:\mathit{I^{\mathrm{2}}Rt}\:=\:\frac{\mathit{V^{\mathrm{2}}}\mathit{t}}{\mathit{R}}}$$Therefore, the temperature of resistance furnaces can be controlled by any of the following methods −By intermittent switching or ON-OFF ControlBy changing circuit configurationBy varying the applied voltageBy varying number ... Read More
The device which receives electrical energy as input and converts it into the heat energy is known as a heating element.The wire employed for the heating element may be circular or rectangular. By determining the electrical input and its voltage, the size (or diameter) and length of the wire required as the heating element to produce the given temperature can be calculated.Design of Heating ElementConsider the heating element is in the circular shape. Therefore, the length and diameter of the heating element can be calculated as follows −According to the Stefan's law, the heat dissipated is given by, $$\mathrm{\mathit{H}\:=\:5.72\:\mathit{Ke}\mathrm{\left [ ... Read More
In this article, we will see how to find the number of repeated values in a Kotlin list.Example – Finding Repeated Values Using groupingBy()The Kotlin library provides an inline function called groupingBy() which creates a grouping source from an array to be used later with one of the group-and-fold operations using the specified keySelector function to extract a key from each element.The function declaration of groupingBy() looks like this −inline fun Array.groupingBy( crossinline keySelector: (T) -> K ): GroupingIn this example, we will create a list of values and implement groupingBy() in the list.fun main(args: Array) { ... Read More
A Mutable List is an interface and generic collection of elements. Once a collection is declared as mutable, it becomes dynamic and we can modify its data as per requirement. A mutable list grows automatically in size as we insert new elements into it. The Mutable List inherits form the Generic class.Example – Creating a Mutable List in KotlinIn order to create a mutable list of repeating elements, we will be using Kotlin List(). By definition, it looks like this−inline fun List( size: Int, init: (index: Int) -> T ): ListAs we pass an initial default value, ... Read More
The concept of exception in Kotlin is very much same as it is in Java. All the exceptions in Kotlin are the descendants of the Throwable class. @Throws annotation indicates what exceptions should be declared by a function when compiled to a JVM method.Example – Throwing exception using a methodIn this example, we will create a scenario where we will generate a logical arithmetic exception, but we will try to throw a different exception using the @throws annotation and a function call.import java.io.* import kotlin.jvm.Throws fun main(args: Array) { val item=0 var result=0 try { ... Read More
List denotes a List collection of generic data type. By , we understand that the List does not have any specific data type. Let's check how we can initialize such a collection in Kotlin.List can be of two types: immutable and mutable. We will see two different implementations of initializing List.Example – Initialize List ~ Immutable ListOnce a list is declared as Immutable, then it becomes read-only.fun main(args: Array) { var myImmutableList = listOf(1, 2, 3) // Convert array into mutableList // Then, add elements into it. myImmutableList.toMutableList().add(4) // myImmutableList is not a ... Read More