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Introduction and History The membrane is an essential component of every living cell, which separates the cell from its external environment and provides a barrier to the free movement of molecules. The discovery of the cell membrane is attributed to the experiments of Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the seventeenth century, who first observed cells and bacteria under a microscope. In the nineteenth century, researchers discovered that cells were surrounded by a thin layer of material, which later became known as the cell membrane. The concept of the cell membrane’s structure and composition began to take shape ... Read More
Introduction Protein synthesis is a fundamental process that occurs in all living organisms. It involves the production of proteins from the genetic information encoded in DNA. The process of protein synthesis involves multiple steps, one of which is the initiation of translation. The initiation of translation is regulated by a start codon, also known as an AUG codon. Definition of Start Codon/AUG Codon The start codon, also known as the initiation codon or AUG codon, is a three-nucleotide sequence of mRNA that signals the ribosome to begin protein synthesis. It is always the first codon in an mRNA sequence ... Read More
Acetone and paint thinner are two commonly used solvents that are used in various applications. While both of these substances are used as solvents, they have different chemical compositions and properties. In this essay, we will explore the differences between acetone and paint thinner. What is Acetone? This is a volatile, colorless as well as a flammable liquid. It is the smallest and simplest ketone and is miscible with water. It is used as a solvent, consumed as acetone cyanohydrin as well as a precursor to methyl methacrylate. As a solvent, it dissolves synthetic fibers as well as plastics, while ... Read More
Introduction Transcription is a process that takes place in all living organisms, where genetic information in the form of DNA is converted into a functional molecule of RNA. RNA is a polymer of nucleotides that plays a key role in the synthesis of proteins. Transcription is the first step in gene expression and is a complex process that involves a series of stages. In this tutorial, we will explore the different stages of transcription in detail. Initiation The initiation stage of transcription begins with the recognition of a specific region of DNA called the promoter by RNA polymerase, the ... Read More
Introduction Let us try to understand the C# program to estimate the size of the file using LINQ. We will be understanding the LINQ (Language Integrated Query) and its methods and classes and how with their help, we will get the desired output. Language Integrated Query aka LINQ is used to generate queries in C# language. Previously we had to use other relational languages like SQL and XML. It provides more power to the C# language or any other .NET language. The syntax used to query the database in LINQ is the same as that of querying for data ... Read More
Introduction Creating a file and writing in it is the basics of file handling. Here, we are going to discuss a way to write a C# program to create the file and write to the file. File handling or file management in layman's terms the various processes such as making the file, reading from it, writing to it, appending it, and so on. The viewing and writing of files are the two most common operations in file management. Input and output happen due to the streams which provide a generic view of a sequence of bytes. Stream is an ... Read More
Introduction RNA, or Ribonucleic Acid, is a vital molecule in the process of protein synthesis. It serves as the template for the formation of proteins, which are the building blocks of life. RNA is synthesized from DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, and carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome, where it is translated into proteins. RNA Editing is the process of altering the genetic information of RNA molecules. This process can involve the addition, deletion, or modification of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of RNA. RNA Editing is an essential process that plays a crucial role ... Read More
Introduction Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that plays a vital role in protein synthesis. It forms the major structural and functional components of ribosomes, the molecular machines that translate mRNA into proteins. Ribosomes are complex macromolecular assemblies composed of ribosomal RNA and various proteins, and they are found in all living cells, from bacteria to humans. What is Ribosomal RNA? Ribosomal RNA is a type of RNA that serves as the structural and functional components of ribosomes. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in cells, where the information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) is ... Read More
Get to Know Reverse Transcriptase Reverse transcriptase is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that is capable of synthesizing a complementary DNA strand from an RNA template. The enzyme was first discovered in retroviruses, which are RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA genomes into DNA. Reverse transcriptase is also found in other retrotransposons, and telomerase, which are involved in maintaining the length of the chromosome ends. Structure Reverse transcriptase is a multifunctional enzyme that consists of two domains − An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase domain and A ribonuclease H (RNase H) domain. The ... Read More
As technology continues to evolve at a rapid pace, businesses are seeking new ways to optimize their operations and reduce their IT infrastructure costs. One of most popular trends in recent years has been adoption of cloud computing, which allows businesses to access powerful computing resources on-demand, without need for expensive hardware. One particular area of interest for many organizations is use of bare metal cloud services. These services provide users with access to dedicated hardware resources, giving them more control over their infrastructure and greater flexibility in managing their workloads. In this article, we will explore benefits of bare ... Read More