# TSSN - Time Division Switching

In this chapter, we will discuss how the Time Division Switching works in Telecommunication Switching Systems and Networks.

The switching scheme used by the electronic switching systems may be either Space Division Switching or Time Division Switching. In space division switching, a dedicated path is established between the calling and the called subscribers for the entire duration of the call. In time division switching, sampled values of speech signals are transferred at fixed intervals.

The time division switching may be analog or digital. In analog switching, the sampled voltage levels are transmitted as they are whereas in binary switching, they are binary coded and transmitted. If the coded values are transferred during the same time interval from input to output, the technique is called Space Switching. If the values are stored and transferred to the output at a late time interval, the technique is called as Time Switching. A time division digital switch may also be designed by using a combination of space and time switching techniques.

## Space Division Switching

The paths in a circuit are separated from each other, spatially in space division switching. Though initially designed for analog networks, it is being used for both analog and digital switching. A Crosspoint switch is mostly referred to as a space division switch because it moves a bit stream from one circuit or bus to another.

The switching system where any channel of one of its incoming PCM highway is connected to any channel of an outgoing PCM highway, where both of them are spatially separated is called the Space Division Switching. The Crosspoint matrix connects the incoming and outgoing PCM highways, where different channels of an incoming PCM frame may need to be switched by different Crosspoints in order to reach different destinations.

Though the space division switching was developed for the analog environment, it has been carried over to digital communication as well. This requires separate physical path for each signal connection, and uses metallic or semiconductor gates.

### Advantages of Space Division Switching

Following is the advantage of Space Division Switching −

• It is instantaneous.

### Disadvantages of Space Division Switching

• Number of Crosspoints required to make space-division switching are acceptable in terms of blocking.

## Time Division Switching

Time division switching comes under digital switching techniques, where the Pulse Code Modulated signals are mostly present at the input and the output ports. A digital Switching system is one, where the inputs of any PCM highway can be connected to the outputs of any PCM highway, to establish a call.

The incoming and outgoing signals when received and re-transmitted in a different time slot, is called Time Division Switching. The digitized speech information is sliced into a sequence of time intervals or slots. Additional voice circuit slots, corresponding to other users are inserted into this bit stream of data. Hence, the data is sent in time frames.

The main difference between space division multiplexing and time division multiplexing is sharing of Crosspoints. Crosspoints are not shared in space division switching, whereas they can be shared in time division multiplexing, for shorter periods. This helps in reassigning the Crosspoints and its associated circuitry for other connections as well.

Time division switches use time division multiplexing, in switching. The two popular methods of TDM are TSI (Time and Slot Interchange) and TDM bus. The data sent at the transmitter reaches the receiver in the same order, in an ordinary time division multiplexing whereas, in TSI mechanism, the data sent is changed according to the ordering of slots based on the desired connections. It consists of RAM with several memory locations such as input, output locations and control unit.

Both of the techniques are used in digital transmission. The TDM bus utilizes multiplexing to place all the signals on a common transmission path. The bus must have higher data rate than individual I/O lines. The main advantage of time division multiplexing is that, there is no need of Crosspoints. However, processing each connection creates delay as each time slot must be stored by RAM, then retrieved and then passed on.

### Time Division Multiplexing

When the transmission of data or signals is done in digital means, using the limited number of resources available, then the Time Division Multiplexing is used for the transmission of such data. Multiplexing is the process in communication, which merges two or more signals at its input into a single output, which when de-multiplexed, offers all those signals separately as they were.

The Multiplexers are broadly classified as Analog and Digital, where the Time Division Multiplexing comes under Digital Multiplexing. There are two types of TDM called as Synchronous and Asynchronous TDM.

## Time Division Space Switching

Time division switches may also employ space division switching techniques, whereas an appropriate mixture of both time and space division switching is advantageous in various circumstances.

A Time division space switch takes outputs of several time-division switches (say, TSI switches) which are then given as inputs to space division switches. This means that one of the two similar outputs produced by a TDM switch, can be selected by space switch to deliver to another output path which reduces the number of Crosspoints. The model of time division space switch is as shown in the following figure.

The interchange of time slots is not possible in time division switching, as the incoming time slot transfers the data to its dedicated output time slot only. Hence, time multiplexed switches do not provide full availability.

A time multiplexed Time Division Space Switch can be configured around a space array, which has M input horizontals and N output verticals. If both inputs and outputs are equal, M=N the switch leads to non-blocking. If inputs are greater than outputs; for concentrating switch we have M>N and if the outputs are higher, the switch expands gathering one more connection. In every time slot, one logic gate per vertical if M>N, or one logic per horizontal if M>N is enabled for one-to-one connections.

In every time slot, up to N or M samples are switched simultaneously. Because of the parallel transfer of N or M data samples in each time slot, a large number of channels can be multiplexed per input line. If along with multiplexing for N control memory modules, full availability has to be achieved, one should opt for time division time multiplexing technique.

## Time Division Time Switching

The main advantage of time division time multiplexing technique is that, unlike time division space switching, it allows time slot interchange (TSI) of sample values. In TSI, a speech sample input during a time slot may be sent to the output during a different time slot, which implies a delay between reception and transmission of a sample.

The rate at which the time slot clock runs is 125-$\mu$ sec. The time slot counter increments by one, at the end of each clock pulse, the contents of which provide location addresses for data memory and control memory. The input sample is read at the beginning of the time slot and it is clocked at the end of the clock pulse. Because of the storage action, the sample is delayed at least by a single time slot in passing from the input to the output, even if there is no time slot interchange.

A TSI which can be expanding or concentrating, has different number of time slots per frame at input and output also. For an expanding switch, the output bit rate is higher, whereas for a concentrating switch, the input bit rate is higher. The handling of input and output subscribers in this technique can be done in four ways, such as serial-in/serial-out,parallel-in/parallel-out, serial-in/parallel-out,parallel-in/serial-out.