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Articles by Moumita
Page 5 of 12
WiFi Protected Access (WPA) and WiFi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) are security standards designed to protect network stations connected to WiFi networks. They were developed by the WiFi Alliance to deliver sophisticated data encryption technologies and improved user authentication over the pre-existing Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) standard. WiFi Protected Access (WPA) Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) was introduced in 2003 as an interim solution to address WEP's security vulnerabilities. It was designed to be backward-compatible with existing WEP hardware, enabling rapid and hassle-free adoption across wireless networks. The encryption method adopted in WPA is the Temporal Key Integrity ...
Read MoreWired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a security standard for wireless networks or WiFi. It was a part of the original IEEE 802.11 protocol. As wireless networks transmit data over radio waves, eavesdropping on wireless data transmissions is relatively easier than in wired networks connected by cables. WEP aims to provide the same level of security and confidentiality in wireless networks as in wired counterparts. Features of WEP Introduction − WEP was introduced as a part of IEEE 802.11 standard in 1997 and was available for 802.11a and 802.11b devices. Encryption Method − WEP uses ...
Read MoreAdvanced Encryption Standard (AES)
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is an encryption standard established in 2001 by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the USA. It is implemented worldwide in both hardware and software to encrypt sensitive data. AES finds wide usage while transmitting data over computer networks, particularly in wireless networks. Features of AES Block cipher architecture − AES is a subset of the Rijndael block cipher that operates on fixed-size data blocks. DES successor − It is stronger and faster than Data Encryption Standard (DES), providing enhanced security. Symmetric key encryption ...
Read MoreWhat are Hub and Switch in Computer Network?
A hub and a switch are fundamental networking devices used to connect multiple devices in a Local Area Network (LAN). While both serve the purpose of connecting computers and enabling communication, they operate at different OSI model layers and handle data transmission in distinctly different ways. Hubs A hub is a physical layer networking device that connects multiple devices in a network. It operates as a simple repeater, amplifying and forwarding electrical signals without any intelligence about the data content. When a data frame arrives at any port of a hub, it broadcasts the frame to all ...
Read MoreFast Ethernet (802.3u)
Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u) is a variation of Ethernet standards that carries data traffic at 100 Mbps in local area networks. It was launched as the IEEE 802.3u standard in 1995 and remained the fastest network technology until the introduction of Gigabit Ethernet. Fast Ethernet is commonly named 100BASE-X, where 100 represents the maximum throughput (100 Mbps), BASE denotes the use of baseband transmission, and X indicates the type of medium used (TX or FX). Fast Ethernet Evolution 10BASE-T 10 Mbps 100BASE-TX ...
Read MoreWhat is 100Base-TX?
100BASE-TX is the technical name of Fast Ethernet over twisted pair cables. It is a predominant form of Fast Ethernet carrying data traffic at 100 Mbps (Mega bits per second) in local area networks (LAN). It was launched as the IEEE 802.3u standard in 1995. The name breakdown: 100 represents the maximum throughput of 100 Mbps, BASE denotes use of baseband transmission, and TX indicates the use of twisted pair cables in Fast Ethernet. 100BASE-TX Network Topology Fast Ethernet Switch ...
Read MoreWhat is 100Base-FX?
100BASE-FX is the technical name for Fast Ethernet over fiber optic cables. It is a version of Fast Ethernet carrying data traffic at 100 Mbps (megabits per second) in local area networks (LAN). It was launched as the IEEE 802.3u standard in 1995. Here, 100 represents the maximum throughput of 100 Mbps, BASE denotes use of baseband transmission, and FX indicates the use of optical fibers in Fast Ethernet. The 100BASE-FX Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer is defined by the Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) standard, providing a reliable foundation for high-speed data transmission over fiber optic networks. ...
Read MoreWhat is 100Base-T4?
100BASE-T4 is an early implementation of Fast Ethernet over twisted pair cables, carrying data traffic at 100 Mbps (Mega bits per second) in local area networks (LAN). It was launched as the IEEE 802.3u standard in 1995. Here, 100 represents the maximum throughput (100 Mbps), BASE denotes the use of baseband transmission, and T4 denotes the use of four twisted pair cables in Fast Ethernet. 100BASE-T4 Cable Configuration Device A Transmitter Device B Receiver Pair 1: ...
Read MoreCSMA/CD with the Binary Exponential Backoff
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a network protocol for carrier transmission that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. It senses or listens whether the shared channel for transmission is busy or not, and defers transmissions until the channel is free. When more than one station sends their frames simultaneously, collision occurs. Binary Exponential Backoff is a collision resolution mechanism which is commonly used to schedule retransmissions after collisions in Ethernet. The waiting time that a station waits before attempting retransmission of the frame is called backoff time. How CSMA/CD Works ...
Read MoreEthernet Throughput
Throughput of a system refers to the rate of processing of a task thereby generating results. Ethernet is a set of technologies primarily used in LANs, whose primary data units are frames. The throughput of Ethernet is measured by the rate of successful delivery of frames over a communication channel. There are several methods for representing Ethernet throughput. The least ambiguous among them is calculation of channel efficiency. Channel efficiency is the percentage of the net bit rate (in bits per second) of a channel that is actually communicated. Suppose that an Ethernet connection has a speed of 100 ...
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