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Articles by Moumita
Page 7 of 12
Switched Ethernet vs. Classic Ethernet
Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard. Ethernet can be broadly classified into two types − Types of Ethernet Classic Ethernet Hub-based Shared medium 3-10 Mbps Switched Ethernet Switch-based Dedicated connections Higher speeds What are Classic Ethernet and Switched Ethernet? Classic Ethernet is the original ...
Read MoreWhat is DIX Standard?
DIX standard is a popular standard for Ethernet that was introduced in 1978. The name DIX is an abbreviation of the three organizations who developed it: DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), Intel, and Xerox. DIX Ethernet provides a data transmission speed of 10 Mbps. DIX Ethernet is also known as Ethernet II framing and remains one of the most widely used Ethernet frame formats in modern networks. It differs from IEEE 802.3 framing primarily in its Type field, which identifies the upper-layer protocol. DIX Ethernet Frame Structure The DIX Ethernet frame consists of several distinct fields, each serving ...
Read MoreFunctions of the Network Layer
The network layer or layer 3 of the OSI model is responsible for delivering data packets from source to destination across multiple hops or links. It also controls the operation of subnets and manages logical addressing for end-to-end communication. The network layer acts as an intermediary between the transport layer above and the data link layer below, ensuring reliable packet delivery across interconnected networks. Network Layer Functions Source Host Transport ...
Read MoreWhat is Thick Ethernet?
Thick Ethernet was the first commercially available form of cabling supported by Ethernet. It is technically known as 10BASE-5, where 10 represents the maximum throughput of 10 Mbps, BASE denotes the use of baseband transmission, and 5 refers to the maximum segment length of 500 meters (1, 640 ft). This type of cabling allows up to 100 stations to be connected using vampire taps, which are special connectors that pierce the cable to establish electrical contact. All stations share a single collision domain, meaning only one device can transmit at a time to avoid data collisions. ...
Read MoreNetwork Layer Design Issues
The network layer or layer 3 of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is concerned with delivery of data packets from the source to the destination across multiple hops or links. It is the lowest layer that is concerned with end−to−end transmission. The designers who are concerned with designing this layer need to address certain critical issues that encompass the services provided to the upper layers as well as internal design of the layer. The design issues can be elaborated under four heads: Store−and−Forward Packet Switching Services to Transport Layer Providing Connection Oriented Service Providing Connectionless Service ...
Read MoreStore – and – Forward Packet Switching
In telecommunications, store-and-forward packet switching is a technique where data packets are stored in each intermediate node before being forwarded to the next node. The intermediate node verifies that the packet is error-free before transmitting, thus ensuring data integrity. The network layer typically operates using store-and-forward packet switching. Working Principle The source node delivers its packet to the nearest router. The packet is stored in the router until it has fully arrived and its checksum is verified for error detection. Once verified, the packet is transmitted to the next router. This process continues at each router until the ...
Read MoreRouting within a datagram network
In packet switching networks using datagrams, datagrams are data packets which contain adequate header information so that they can be individually routed by all intermediate switching devices to the destination. These networks are called datagram networks since communication occurs via datagrams. Routing Principle In datagram networks, each data packet is routed independently from the source to the destination even if they belong to the same message. No prior resource or channel allocation is done for the individual packets. As the datagrams are treated as independent units, no dedicated path is fixed for data transfer. Each datagram is ...
Read MoreDatagram Network
In a connectionless communication system, a datagram refers to the smallest unit via which data is transmitted. Datagrams are data packets which contain adequate header information so that they can be individually routed by all intermediate network switching devices to the destination. These networks are called datagram networks since communication occurs via datagrams. Datagram networks exist in packet switching networks and follow a store-and-forward mechanism where each packet is treated as an independent entity. Features of Datagram Networks Network layer operation − Datagram switching is performed at the network layer of the communication system. ...
Read MoreOrganizationally Unique Identifier
An Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) is a 24-bit number assigned by the IEEE Registration Authority to manufacturers or vendors of network devices. These globally unique identifiers serve as the foundation for creating unique device addresses on computer networks. OUIs are primarily used to construct MAC addresses, which uniquely identify network interfaces. A MAC address consists of 6 octets (48 bits total), where the first three octets form the OUI, identifying the manufacturer, and the last three octets represent the device-specific identifier assigned by that manufacturer. OUI Structure and Format A 3-octet OUI is typically represented in hexadecimal ...
Read MoreLogical Link Control (LLC)
The Logical Link Control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer in the OSI reference model. It acts as an interface between the network layer and the medium access control (MAC) sublayer of the data link layer. The LLC sublayer is primarily used for its multiplexing capabilities, allowing multiple network protocols to operate simultaneously within a multipoint network over the same network medium. LLC Layer in the OSI Model The data link layer is divided into two sublayers to handle different aspects of data transmission: Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer − ...
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