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Articles by Moumita
Page 3 of 12
Retrospective on Ethernet
Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in the 1980s as the IEEE 802.3 standard and has evolved continuously ever since. Few networking technologies have demonstrated such remarkable consistency and longevity in their usability and adoption. Since its inception, Ethernet has undergone significant transformations while maintaining backward compatibility, making it the dominant LAN technology worldwide. Its evolution reflects the growing demands for higher bandwidth and improved network performance. Advantages of Ethernet Simple and reliable − Ethernet uses straightforward protocols and proven technology that works ...
Read MoreWhat is Carrier Ethernet?
Carrier Ethernet is an application of Ethernet technology that allows network service providers to offer Ethernet-based services to enterprise customers over wide area networks. It extends the familiar Ethernet technology beyond traditional LANs to enable Internet access and communication among business, academic, private, and government organizations across metropolitan and wide area networks. The services and standards of Carrier Ethernet have been defined by the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF). MEF has developed certification programs and promotes the global adoption of Carrier Ethernet technology through standardization and interoperability testing. Carrier Ethernet versus Traditional Ethernet The primary attributes that differentiate ...
Read MoreWhat is Classic Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol?
Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet used primarily in LANs, providing data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps. It operates both in the physical layer and in the MAC (Media Access Control) sublayer of the OSI model. In the physical layer, the features of cables and networks are considered, while in the MAC sublayer, the frame formats for Ethernet data transmission are defined. Classic Ethernet was first standardized in the 1980s as the IEEE 802.3 standard, establishing the foundation for modern Ethernet technologies. Frame Format of Classic Ethernet Classic Ethernet frames can be either Ethernet ...
Read MoreWhat is multicasting in Computer Network?
Multicasting in computer networks is a group communication method where one or more senders transmit data to multiple receivers simultaneously. It supports one-to-many and many-to-many data transmission across LANs or WANs, significantly reducing communication and processing overhead by sending the same data packet only once instead of creating individual copies for each recipient. Multicast Communication Sender Multicast Group Receiver 1 ...
Read MoreWhat is Broadcasting in Computer Network?
Broadcasting in computer network is a group communication method where a sender transmits data to multiple receivers simultaneously. This is an all-to-all communication model where each sending device transmits data to all other devices in the network domain. Broadcasting operates at different levels depending on the implementation: High-level operation − Broadcasting in applications like Message Passing Interface (MPI) Low-level networking operation − Broadcasting at the data link layer, such as Ethernet broadcasting Broadcasting in Computer Network ...
Read MoreThe 802.16 MAC Sublayer Frame Structure
The IEEE 802.16 set of standards lays down the specifications for wireless broadband technology. It has been commercialized as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) that is responsible for the delivery of last-mile wireless broadband access. The IEEE 802.16 MAC sublayer is the most important sublayer and concerned with channel management. It has been designed for connection-oriented channel management for point-to-multipoint (PMP) broadband services. Generic MAC Frame Structure The frame format of a generic MAC frame consists of multiple fields that control data transmission and ensure reliability: IEEE 802.16 Generic MAC Frame ...
Read MoreThe 802.16 MAC Sublayer Protocol
The IEEE 802.16 is a set of standards defining the specifications for wireless broadband technology. It has been commercialized as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) that is responsible for the delivery of last-mile wireless broadband access. It lays down the standards for both physical layer as well as medium access control (MAC) layer for WiMAX. The IEEE 802.16 MAC sublayer is a part of the data link layer. The data link layer of WiMAX is divided into three sublayers as follows − Security sublayer − This is the bottommost layer and is concerned with the ...
Read MoreToken Bus (IEEE 802.4) Network
Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) is a network access method that combines the physical simplicity of a bus topology with the collision-free characteristics of token ring networks. It creates a virtual ring over a physical bus or tree structure, typically using coaxial cables, where stations pass a token in a predetermined logical sequence. In a token bus network, each station knows the address of its predecessor and successor in the virtual ring. A station can only transmit data when it possesses the token, ensuring orderly access to the shared medium without collisions. How Token Bus Works The token ...
Read MoreFiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a set of ANSI and ISO standards for high-speed data transmission in local area networks (LANs) using fiber optic cables. It was designed for large LANs that can extend up to 200 kilometers in diameter, providing reliable backbone connectivity for enterprise networks. Key Features Dual Ring Architecture − Uses two counter-rotating token rings for redundancy and fault tolerance. High Data Rate − Provides 100 Mbps transmission speed, supporting thousands of users simultaneously. Fiber Optic Medium − Uses optical fiber as the physical transmission medium for immunity ...
Read MoreResilient Packet Ring (RPR) - IEEE 802.17
Resilient Packet Ring (RPR), standardized as IEEE 802.17, is a protocol standard for data transmission over fiber optic ring networks that operates in the Media Access Control (MAC) layer of the OSI model. It provides a packet-based transmission facility designed to improve efficiency of Ethernet and IP services over ring topologies. RPR delivers improved bandwidth utilization and throughput, faster deployment times, and optimized equipment and operational costs compared to traditional ring protocols like SONET/SDH. Working Principle RPR stations are connected by dual counter-rotating fiber optic rings called ringlets. Unlike traditional ring systems where one ring serves as ...
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