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Articles by Moumita
Page 6 of 12
Multiple Access Protocols in Computer Networks
Multiple access protocols are a set of protocols operating in the Medium Access Control sublayer (MAC sublayer) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. These protocols allow multiple nodes or users to access a shared network channel efficiently, enabling several data streams originating from different nodes to be transferred through a multi-point transmission medium. The primary objectives of multiple access protocols are optimization of transmission time, minimization of collisions, and avoidance of interference between transmissions. These protocols solve the fundamental problem of how multiple devices can share a single communication channel without data corruption. Categories of Multiple Access ...
Read MoreWhat is wireless broadband (WiBB)?
Wireless broadband (WiBB) is a networking technology designed to provide high-speed Internet and data services through wireless networks. Unlike traditional wired connections, wireless broadband uses radio waves to deliver connectivity, eliminating the need for physical cables to end users. Wireless broadband can be delivered through wireless local area networks (WLANs) for smaller coverage areas or wide area networks (WWANs) for broader geographical reach. Similar to other wireless services, wireless broadband can be either fixed or mobile, depending on the deployment and user requirements. Features of WiBB Last-mile wireless connectivity − WiBB connects to the Internet ...
Read MoreWhat is dynamic frequency selection (DFS)?
Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) is a technique used in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks or WiFi that permits devices to dynamically switch the operating frequency of transmission in order to avoid interference with other devices. How DFS Works DFS operates by continuously monitoring the radio spectrum for radar signals. When a wireless device detects radar activity on its current channel, it must immediately cease transmission and switch to an alternative frequency within a specified timeframe to prevent interference. DFS Frequency Switching Process WiFi AP ...
Read MoreComparison of 802.16 with 802.11
IEEE 802.16 is a standard that defines Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), a wireless technology that delivers network services to the last mile of broadband access. The IEEE 802.11 standard lays down the specifications of wireless local area networks (WLAN) or Wi-Fi, that connects wireless devices within a limited area. IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) vs IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) Coverage: 7-50 km Speed: Up to 100 Mbps Frequency: 2-11 GHz Use: Outdoor, wide area ...
Read MoreQOS Traffic Scheduling
QoS traffic scheduling is a network management methodology that organizes and prioritizes data transmission based on Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In this approach, frames or packets are mapped to internal forwarding queues according to their QoS information and then serviced using specific queuing schemes. Network devices typically maintain multiple queues, each with different priority levels. The scheduler determines the treatment given to traffic in each queue, mapping incoming traffic to appropriate queues based on its characteristics. For example, time-sensitive traffic like voice and video is placed in higher-priority queues than background data transfers. ...
Read MoreThe Bluetooth Radio Layer
The Bluetooth Radio Layer is the lowest layer of Bluetooth architecture that corresponds to the physical layer of the OSI model. It lays down the physical structure and specifications for the transmission of radio waves. Bluetooth Protocol Stack Application Layer L2CAP (Logical Link Control) HCI (Host Controller Interface) LMP (Link Manager ...
Read MoreLogical Link Control Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)
The Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) is a crucial protocol in the Bluetooth standard that provides adaptation between higher layers and the baseband layer of the Bluetooth protocol stack. It operates just above the Host Controller Interface (HCI), passing data frames from the higher layers to either HCI or the Link Manager. L2CAP acts as a bridge between applications and the lower-level Bluetooth radio components, handling the complexities of data formatting and transmission management. Bluetooth Protocol Stack with L2CAP Applications (Audio, ...
Read MoreSwitched Ethernet
Switched Ethernet is an evolution of classic Ethernet that replaces shared hub-based networks with intelligent switches. First standardized in the 1980s as IEEE 802.3, Ethernet technology is classified into two main categories: classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet. In switched Ethernet, the hub that connects stations in classic Ethernet is replaced by a switch. The switch connects a high-speed backplane bus to all stations in the LAN through dedicated connections. A typical switch contains 4 to 48 ports, allowing stations to connect simply by plugging into any available port. Connections can extend to computers, peripherals, other Ethernet switches, or hubs. ...
Read MoreSink Tree in Computer Networks
A sink tree in a computer network is a tree structure that represents the optimal paths from all nodes to a specific destination node. It connects every node in the network to the destination using the shortest or lowest-cost path available. The sink tree is rooted at the destination node, with all other nodes serving as sources. The most common metric for determining the optimal path is the number of hops (intermediate nodes), though other cost metrics like bandwidth or delay can also be used. How Sink Trees Work Sink trees are based on the optimality principle, ...
Read MoreArchitecture of Classic Ethernet
Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in the 1980s as the IEEE 802.3 standard. Ethernet is classified into two categories: classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet. Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet that provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps. The varieties are commonly referred to as 10BASE-X. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput (10 Mbps), BASE denotes use of baseband transmission, and X is the type of medium used. Architecture Classic Ethernet is the simplest form of Ethernet. It comprises an Ethernet ...
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