Two types of data links are defined by Bluetooth link layers−Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) LinkAsynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) LinkSCO is a symmetric, point-to-point link between the master device and the slave device connected via Bluetooth.ACL is a point – to – multipoint link for transmitting general data packets using Bluetooth connection. ... Read More

Repeaters are network devices operating at physical layer of the OSI model that amplify or regenerate an incoming signal before retransmitting it. They are incorporated in networks to expand its coverage area. They are also known as signal boosters.Why are Repeaters needed?When an electrical signal is transmitted via a channel, ... Read More

The IEEE 802.1Q networking standard lays down the specifications for VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks or Virtual LANs) on an IEEE 802.3 Ethernet network. The standard is generally referred as Dot1Q. VLANs are a logical group of computers that appear to be on the same LAN irrespective of the configuration ... Read More

A gateway is a network node that forms a passage between two networks operating with different transmission protocols. The most common type of gateways, the network gateway operates at layer 3, i.e. network layer of the OSI (open systems interconnection) model. However, depending upon the functionality, a gateway can operate ... Read More

Routers are networking devices operating at layer 3 or a network layer of the OSI model. They are responsible for receiving, analysing, and forwarding data packets among the connected computer networks. When a data packet arrives, the router inspects the destination address, consults its routing tables to decide the optimal ... Read More

Switches are networking devices operating at layer 2 or a data link layer of the OSI model. They connect devices in a network and use packet switching to send, receive or forward data packets or data frames over the network.A switch has many ports, to which computers are plugged in. ... Read More

Hubs are networking devices operating at a physical layer of the OSI model that are used to connect multiple devices in a network. They are generally used to connect computers in a LAN.A hub has many ports in it. A computer which intends to be connected to the network is ... Read More

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a communication protocol operating at data link layer the OSI model to prevent bridge loops and the resulting broadcast storms. It creates a loop − free topology for Ethernet networks.Working PrincipleA bridge loop is created when there are more than one paths between two nodes ... Read More

In data communications, wormhole switching a flow control technique where large data frames or packets are partitioned and then transmitted. When a switching device (a bridge or a switch) receives a data packet, it partitions the packet into small parts called flow control units or flits. The flits are transmitted ... Read More

In data communications, cut-through switching is a method of switching data frame or data packets, where the switching device (bridge or switch) forwards the frames or packets as soon as the destination address is available without waiting for the rest of the data to arrive.Working PrincipleCut-through switching is used in ... Read More