Following are the differences between OSI and TCP/IP Reference Model −OSITCP/IPOSI represents Open System Interconnection.TCP/IP model represents the Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.OSI is a generic, protocol independent standard. It is acting as an interaction gateway between the network and the final-user.TCP/IP model depends on standard protocols about which the computer network has created. It is a connection protocol that assigns the network of hosts over the internet.The OSI model was developed first, and then protocols were created to fit the network architecture’s needs.The protocols were created first and then built the TCP/IP model.It provides quality services.It does not ... Read More

TCP/IP signifies transmission control protocol/Internet Protocol. It was created by Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) in the late 1970s. It is a collection of communication protocol. It involves collection and methods for managing with packet transport, media access, session interaction, data transfer, email and terminal emulation.The TCP/IP reference model has four layers, as display in the figure −Host to Network LayerThis is the lowest layer in the TCP/IP reference model. The layer functioning is usually different in various relations. The main function of this layer is to instruct the upper layer when the host is linked to ... Read More

In data exchange between devices, communication procedures require to have the following to manage these factors of the exchange procedures −Physical Data EncodingThe data exchanged between two devices are physically transported using electrical signals considering particular coding methods. For two systems to accurately exchange data, they should consistently execute and translate data-carrying electrical signals.MultiplexingThis facilitates a parallel connection for various unconnected conversations.Transmission MediaThese concerns deal with the type of media used (fiber, copper, wireless, etc.), prescribed by the desirable bandwidth, protection to noise, and attenuation properties.Flow ControlThe data Communication procedure assigns memory resources, generally referred to as interaction buffers, to ... Read More

A fully interconnected network was limited in this topology by using an individual cable around all nodes. Thus in this topology, only one line is shared by all nodes. Whenever any network transmits a message, it keeps both the sender address and the destination or receiver address as tags.The message rides on the single line, and as the receiver receives the message, it acknowledges in the response of the same message on same on the line along with both addresses. Before sending a message, it is always checked whether the connection line is free or not. If the line is ... Read More

In this topology, every node is connected using a separate physical link. Each computer network has a direct dedicated link, i.e., point to point connection with all other network computers. Each computer has its control and decision power for communication priorities.It is a very reliable topology because any transmission line’s failure only affects the transmission between the two connected computers. The communication or message is high-speed and has mostly a full-duplex mode, but at the same time, a large number of communication lines make the network costly as for nodes lines or links are required.AdvantagesThe advantages of the tree network ... Read More

There are various functions of WAN, which are as follows −Remote Data and Job EntryIt is feasible to introduce the information on the sales and transactions at the sale terminals using WANs. It is also possible to centralize this information in a computer for processing or broadcasting purposes. For example, supermarkets in different cities linked through WANs can transmit all sales information from their remote sale centers. The central purchase and distribution center can supervise all the sale figures on a regular daily basis.Centralizing InformationIt is convenient for a business to centralize regional information. For example, auto-parts dealers can help ... Read More

A wide area network is a connection of two or more computers that are geographically disappearing. It has a long-distance connection than LAN. It uses public networks like a telephone system or microwave broadcast for connection facilities.Types of WANFollowing are the types of WAN −Enterprise WAN − These computers are located in different geographical regions that belong to one organization. It is for authorized persons only.Global WAN − It belongs to a different group of organizations. It is accessible to everyone. It is created by both LANs and MANs.They use radio waves, microwaves or communication satellites for data transmission. The ... Read More

A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic range by joining a multiple LAN to form a larger network. MAN usually connects multiple local area networks (LANs), using fiber optic cables, with a high-compact network framework. It can support uplinks to the wireless networks and the computer network. The MAN is set up in an area of more than 100 kilometres. It can include a combination of several hardware components and communication media.It can relate to various LANs in a city. Suppose we have other branches of a company. We require to attach all those branches, ... Read More

Following are the advantages and disadvantages of LAN −Advantages of LANThere are various advantages of LAN, which are as follows −Inexpensive transmission media.It can simplify the physical association of a device to the media.It is used to high data transmission rates.Network data transmission is independent of the connected devices rates, making it accessible for the one-speed device to send data to another speed device.A large rate of interconnection between devices.Each connected device has the potential to interact with another device on the network.It is flexible and growth-oriented.It allows file locking.It provides full proof of the security system against illegal access ... Read More

A local area network is a comparatively lesser and privately-owned network with the highest duration of 10km to support local connectivity within a building or limited geographical area.In private offices, this type of networking is trendy and effectively used. They are generally used to interface with personal computers and buildings, incorporate workplaces and industry to share resources and transfer data.The figure shows a LAN having computers from several departments like Sales, Finance, Production, Publication, etc.Features of LANLimited Geographic LimitsA LAN is constructed for a limited area. It usually traverses a single frequency workgroup floor in a building or on campus ... Read More