For data transmission or transmissions, depending on the distance between devices and transmission media, the data must be converted in a form that can be quickly and correctly transmitted. Mostly the information is transmitted in the form of electrical signals. The conversion of data bits into electrical signals cannot be sufficient; instead, there are soon more transmission requirements.Some transmission requirements are sufficient to signal transitions in the transmitted signal, bandwidth matching of signal and transmission media and proper differentiation in states of received signals. It can meet these requirements, and the data should be converted in a valid format. This ... Read More

Network devices can relate PCs or other electronic tools to share documents or resources like printers or fax machines. Devices can install a Local Area Network (LAN) are the general type of network devices used by the public. A LAN needed a hub, router, cabling or radio innovation, connection cards, and a high-speed modem if an online connection is necessary.Let us explain these devices one by one.Network Interface Card (NIC)Network Interface Card is a device that linked your computer to a network. A NIC is a display in the figure. The cards are set up in a development slot in ... Read More

Modem stands for Modulation Demodulation. A modem converts the digital data signals into analogue data signals. They can be installed within the computer in a development slot applicable for it.There are frequently two types of Modems that are as follows −Standard ModemThe standard modems use generic device drivers, and they can be internal and external ones. The internal modems do not need much physical structure. They can be installed into a compatible development slot. The external modem is connected through one of the COM port to the computer through a cable called a null-modem cable.Window ModemA window modem is a ... Read More

A device that can bridge several network structure is called a gateway. Thus gateways can link two dissimilar LANs. The major difference between gateways and routers is that routers operate at the OSI model’s network layer. In contrast, gateways operate from the lowest to the topmost layer, i.e., the application layer to the OSI model’s network layer.Gateways and routers are used correspondently. It can change data packets from one protocol structure to another before forwarding them to connect two different networks. Hence it incorporates a protocol conversion function at the application layer.A gateway is a connecting device that can relate ... Read More

Router is a particular type of device used to connect two or more subnets that cannot be similar. These devices support connectedness between two LANs or two WANs over the large geographical range. The routers evaluate the best route from a sender to a receiver. For this, they perform in a routing protocol to create the network topology, and the data thus gathered is used to evaluate routes. They operate at the OSI model’s network layer and accommodate all the subnetworks differences up to this layer to provide a uniform network service to the nodes transport layer entities.Routers are generally ... Read More

A repeater is a dynamic network device used to reproduce the signals when they transmit over a greater distance so that the signal’s strength remains equal. It can be used to create an Ethernet network. A repeater that occurs as the first layer of the OSI layer is the physical layer.Features of RepeatersThese repeaters are linked to each other at the physical layer.It sends the signals for the unsteady areas to enlarge the system signals.These receptors linked the various network signals to convert the data between the two devices.These repeaters can eliminate the distance between the two devices.The repeaters can ... Read More

HubsHub is a network connectivity device that enables relation nodes to interact with each other. It provides a frequent connection point for a tool in a network. So, Hub is a central concentrating point for a computer network. It supports a key data point for network cabling. Only coaxial cable Ethernet does not use hubs at all. Most of the local area networks use the hub to interconnect computers and other devices.A hub organizes the cables and broadcast signals to the different media segments as displayed in the figure −SwitchesA switch is a hardware tool that filters and promote folder ... Read More

A hub is a standard network point, also referred to as a network hub, to connect devices in a network. The hub has numerous ports. If a packet makes one port, it can be viewed by all the network segments because a packet is duplicated to another port. Hub is a unique device used to enhance a network by enabling increased workstations in the network.Types of HubsThere are three types of hubs which are as follows −Passive HubsPassive hubs do not include any computerized elements, and they do not procedure the data signal at all. The main goal of a ... Read More

Transmission Mode represents the direction of the movement of data from one connection devices to other devices. It communicates the order of signal movement between the two devices.Following are the types of transmission modes in a computer network −Simplex Transmission ModeIn a computing network, when there is a single movement of data or one control movement of data from the sender to the receiver, it is called the Simplex mode of transmission.For example, A connection between a machine and a keyboard contains a simplex duplex transmission. A television advertisement is an example of simplex duplex transmission.A loudspeaker system is also a simplex transmission. A broadcaster communicates ... Read More

The physical layer meets all these requirements out. The set of rules and procedures for interaction between physical layers are called Physical layer protocols. The layer provides a physical connection different from the physical transmission path because it is at the bit level while the transmission path is at the electrical signal level. This physical connection can be a point to point physical connection or point to the multi-point physical connection, as shown in the figure − The physical layer provides its services to the data link layer, the next higher layer of the OSI model. The ... Read More