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A singly-excited system is type of excitation system used in electromechanical energy conversion which requires only one coil to produce the magnetic field. In the singly-excited system, there is only one set of electrical input terminals and one set of mechanical output terminals. The examples of singly-excited system are electromagnetic relay, hysteresis motor, solenoid valve etc.In a singly excited system, a coil is wound around a magnetic core and is connected to a voltage source so that it produces a magnetic field. Due to this magnetic field, the rotor which is made up of ferromagnetic material, experiences a torque urging ... Read More
When the EMF is induced by self and mutual inductance occur simultaneously, the relative polarities of these two induced EMFs must be determined before making any circuit calculations. The induced EMF in a coil due to mutual inductance may either aid or oppose the induced EMF due to self-inductance depending upon the sense of the windings and the directions of the currents in the coils.Dot Notation or Dot RuleThe dot rule or dot convention may be stated as follows −If both currents enter the dotted ends of the coupled coils or if both currents enter undotted ends, then the sign ... Read More
B-H Curve or Magnetisation CurveThe B-H curve or magnetisation curve is the graph plotted between magnetic flux density (B) and magnetising force (H). The B-H curve indicates the manner in which the magnetic flux density varies with the change in magnetising force.The following figure shows the general shape of B-H curve of a magnetic material. The nonlinearity of the curve shows that the relative permeability μr of a magnetic material is not constant but varies depending upon the magnetic flux density.Magnetic HysteresisThe phenomenon of lagging of magnetic flux density (B) behind the magnetising force (H) in a magnetic material subjected ... Read More
B-H Curve or Magnetisation CurveThe B-H curve or magnetisation curve is the graph plotted between magnetic flux density (B) and magnetising force (H). The B-H curve indicates the manner in which the magnetic flux density varies with the change in magnetising force.The following figure shows the general shape of B-H curve of a magnetic material. The nonlinearity of the curve shows that the relative permeability $μ_{r}$ of a magnetic material is not constant but varies depending upon the magnetic flux density.Magnetic HysteresisThe phenomenon of lagging of magnetic flux density (B) behind the magnetising force (H) in a magnetic material subjected ... Read More
Magnetic CircuitA magnetic circuit is defined as a closed path followed by the magnetic flux.A magnetic circuit consists of a core of materials having high permeability like iron, soft steel etc. It is because these materials offer very small opposition to the flow of magnetic flux.Consider a coil of N turns wound on an iron core (see the figure). When an electric current I is passes through the coil, magnetic flux (ψ) is set up in the core. This magnetic flux follows a closed path ABCDA and hence ABCDA is the magnetic circuit.In a magnetic circuit, the amount of magnetic ... Read More
The major new features in Arduino IDE 2.0 as compared to the previous versions are −Addition of Autocomplete featureThis was one of the main features putting Arduino at a disadvantage. Several other IDEs came with the autocomplete feature, which made writing code much faster. With the introduction of this feature, Arduino IDE will hopefully cover some lost groundAddition of Debugging ToolThough not yet supported by every board and platform, the introduction of this tool is a step in the right direction. It helps you introduce breakpoints and watch variables at runtime, helping the process of debugging.Serial Monitor is no longer ... Read More
The status register comprises the status bits. The bits of the status register are modified according to the operations performed in the ALU. The figure displays a block diagram of an 8-bit ALU with a 4-bit status register.If the end carry C8 is 1, then carry (C) is set to 1. If C8 is 0, then C is cleared to 0.If the highest order bit F7 is 1, then Sign (S) is set to 1. If F7 is 0, then S is set to 0.If the output of ALU is 0, then zero (Z) is set to 1, otherwise, Z ... Read More
Arduino IDE 2.0 is currently available in the beta version. It can be downloaded from the following link: https://www.arduino.cc/en/softwareOnce the .exe file is downloaded, follow the installation steps. Accept the License Agreement, select access, and then select the installation location and click Install.Once the installation is done, open the IDE.Open the dropdown at the top and click 'Select Other Board and Port'Next, select your board and port in the popup that opens up. If you select Arduino boards for the first time, you may see this message −Click Yes, and your IDE 2.0 is ready to work with your Arduino ... Read More
Instructions of the computer are always stored in consecutive memory locations. These instructions are fetched from successive memory locations for processing and executing.When an instruction is fetched from the memory, the program counter is incremented by 1 so that it points to the address of the next consecutive instruction in the memory. Once a data transfer and data manipulation instruction are executed, the program control along with the program counter, which holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched, is returned to the fetch cycle.Data transfer and manipulation instructions specify the conditions for data processing operations, whereas the ... Read More
If you've done sufficient Arduino programming, you'd have seen that there are two ways of defining constants.#defineOne way is to use #define, like#define const_name 3constThe other way is to use the const keyword, likeconst int var_name = 3; Difference between #define and const#define is like a placeholder. The Arduino compiler replaces all mentions of this constant with its value at the compile time. This means that the values defined using #define don't take up any program space.Variables defined using const, on the other hand, are just normal variables, whose values can't be changed. They take up program memory space, and ... Read More