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The status register comprises the status bits. The bits of the status register are modified according to the operations performed in the ALU. The figure displays a block diagram of an 8-bit ALU with a 4-bit status register.If the end carry C8 is 1, then carry (C) is set to 1. If C8 is 0, then C is cleared to 0.If the highest order bit F7 is 1, then Sign (S) is set to 1. If F7 is 0, then S is set to 0.If the output of ALU is 0, then zero (Z) is set to 1, otherwise, Z ... Read More
Arduino IDE 2.0 is currently available in the beta version. It can be downloaded from the following link: https://www.arduino.cc/en/softwareOnce the .exe file is downloaded, follow the installation steps. Accept the License Agreement, select access, and then select the installation location and click Install.Once the installation is done, open the IDE.Open the dropdown at the top and click 'Select Other Board and Port'Next, select your board and port in the popup that opens up. If you select Arduino boards for the first time, you may see this message −Click Yes, and your IDE 2.0 is ready to work with your Arduino ... Read More
Instructions of the computer are always stored in consecutive memory locations. These instructions are fetched from successive memory locations for processing and executing.When an instruction is fetched from the memory, the program counter is incremented by 1 so that it points to the address of the next consecutive instruction in the memory. Once a data transfer and data manipulation instruction are executed, the program control along with the program counter, which holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched, is returned to the fetch cycle.Data transfer and manipulation instructions specify the conditions for data processing operations, whereas the ... Read More
If you've done sufficient Arduino programming, you'd have seen that there are two ways of defining constants.#defineOne way is to use #define, like#define const_name 3constThe other way is to use the const keyword, likeconst int var_name = 3; Difference between #define and const#define is like a placeholder. The Arduino compiler replaces all mentions of this constant with its value at the compile time. This means that the values defined using #define don't take up any program space.Variables defined using const, on the other hand, are just normal variables, whose values can't be changed. They take up program memory space, and ... Read More
Data manipulation instructions have computational capabilities. They perform arithmetic, logic, and shift operations on data.There are three types of data manipulation instructions are as follows −Arithmetic InstructionsArithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Some computers provide instructions only for addition and subtraction operations and generate multiplication and division operations from these two operations. Each instruction is represented by a mnemonic symbol.The table shows some of the arithmetic instructions and their respective mnemonic symbols.Arithmetic InstructionsNameMnemonic SymbolsLoadLDStoreSTMoveMOVExchangeXCHInputInOutputOUTPushPUSHPopPOPThe description of these instructions is as follows −Increment − The increment instruction adds 1 to the value stored in the register or memory word.Decrement ... Read More
Data transfer instructions transfer the data between memory and processor registers, processor registers, and I/O devices, and from one processor register to another. There are eight commonly used data transfer instructions. Each instruction is represented by a mnemonic symbol.The table shows the eight data transfer instructions and their respective mnemonic symbols.Data Transfer InstructionsNameMnemonic SymbolsLoadLDStoreSTMoveMOVExchangeXCHInputInOutputOUTPushPUSHPopPOPThe instructions can be described as follows −Load − The load instruction is used to transfer data from the memory to a processor register, which is usually an accumulator.Store − The store instruction transfers data from processor registers to memory.Move − The move instruction transfers data from ... Read More
Just like in C and C++, you need to qualify a variable with the volatile keyword if it can be modified within an interrupt routine.When you qualify a variable as volatile, this is what happens behind the scenes −The compiler gets instructed that the variable should be loaded into the RAM and not the storage register (where program variables are generally stored/manipulated)This ensures that any changes to the variable outside of the loop() (for example in the interrupt service routine), get immediately reflected in the loop()If you have a variable larger than a byte in size (int or long), then ... Read More
A static variable is a special kind of variable; it is allocated memory 'statically'. Its lifetime is the entire run of the program. It is specific to a function, i.e., only the function that defined it can access it. However, it doesn't get destroyed after the function call ends. It preserves its value between successive function calls. It is created and initialized the first time a function is called. In the next function call, it is not created again. It just exists.ExampleTake a look at the following example.void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println(); } void loop() { staticFunctionDemo(); ... Read More
When going through Arduino codes, you may come across some numbers which are followed by either a U or an L or both (or in small caps, u and l). These are formatters, which force integer constants to be of a specific format. U forces an integer constant to be of the unsigned data format, while L forces the integer constant to be of the long data format.These formatters can be used when defining variables, as well as using some integer values directly in a formula.Exampleint a = 33u; # define b 33ul int c = a*1000L;All of the above ... Read More
Instructions in a computer can be of multiple lengths with a variable number of addresses. The various address fields in the instruction format of a computer vary as per the organization of its registers. It depends on the multiple address fields the instruction can be categorized as three address instructions, two address instructions, one address instruction, and zero address instruction.Three Address InstructionsThe general format of a three address instruction is defined as −operation source 1, source 2, destinationADD A, B, Cwhere A, B, and C are the three variables that are authorized to a different area in the memory. ‘ADD’ ... Read More