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Shielded Twisted PairIBM invented the shielded twisted pair (STP) cable for token ring networks, including two independent wires coated in a foil shielding that prevents electromagnetic interference and speeds up data transmission.STP cables are protected with additional foil or copper knitting jackets to help protect cable signals from interference.STP cables are more expensive than UTP cables but can transmit data at higher prices over longer distances.Electromagnetic interference does not seep out of or into STP cable because of the additional coverageEthernet networks, particularly fast-data-rate Ethernets, frequently use STP cables.The efficiency of the additional covering depends on the following features of ... Read More
Multiple Spanning Tree ProtocolMultiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) is an algorithm that enables easy and full connectivity provided to any Virtual LAN (VLAN) across an Integrated Area Network.MSTP uses Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) to transmit information to tree-related devices by identifying practical ways to prevent loopholes in the MSTI (Multiple Spanning Tree Instance) and CIST (Common and Internal Spanning Tree). This is done in the same way as the STP was designed, but without the need to enable support links and without the risk of bridge loops.In addition, MSTP allows frames/packets allocated to different VLANs to take different routes ... Read More
To create a scatterplot with colors as group, we can define the colors in col argument as characters.For Example, if we have two vectors then we can create scatterplot between x and y with red and blue colors for x and y value by using the below mentioned command −plot(x,y,col=as.character(cut(x,2,labels=c("red","blue"))))ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)The Routing Information Protocol (RIP), which uses the hop count as a routing measure, is one of the oldest distance-vector routing technologies. RIP eliminates routing loops by restricting the number of hops permitted in a path from source to destination.RIP permits a maximum of 15 hops, which limits the size of networks that can be supported by the protocol.It also employs split horizon, route poisoning, and hold-down techniques to restrict the spread of incorrect routing information.RIP is not the preferred routing protocol in most networking setups since its time to converge, and scalability is inferior to EIGRP; ... Read More
To create a rolling mean column by displaying means to corresponding values in R data frame, we can use ave function with rep function.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a numerical column say X then we can create a rolling mean column for every 5 values by using the below mentioned command −df$Rolling_M_5
A virtual circuit (VC) transfers data via a packet-switched network that makes it look like the source and destination end systems of the data are connected by a dedicated physical link. The terms "virtual circuit" and "virtual connection" are interchangeable.A "call setup" must be established between two or more nodes or software programs before a connection or virtual circuit can be used.A bit stream or byte stream may then be sent between the nodes. As a result, a virtual circuit protocol permits higher-level protocols to avoid dealing with data division into Protocol data units.This network is a very dependable means ... Read More
Peer-to-Peer NetworkingPeer-to-peer computing, also known as peer-to-peer networking, is a shared application development that separates tasks or peer-to-peer workloads.Peers are participants in the application who have the same opportunity and are similarly capable. They are supposed to create a peer-to-peer node network.A collection of computers is joined together with equal permissions and responsibilities for data processing in peer-topeer (P2P) networking.In contrast to traditional client-server networking, no device in a P2P network is wholly dedicated to serving or receiving data.Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking (APPN)The IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) includes Advanced Peer to-Peer Networking (APPN). It entails protocols that allow computers to ... Read More
Assignment statements consist of an expression. It involves only integer variables.Abstract Translation SchemeConsider the grammar, which consists of an assignment statement.S → id = EE → E + EE → E ∗ EE → −EE → (E)E → idHere Translation of E can have two attributes −𝐄. 𝐏𝐋𝐀𝐂𝐄− It tells about the name that will hold the value of the expression.𝐄. 𝐂𝐎𝐃𝐄− It represents a sequence of three address statements evaluating the expression E in grammar represents an Assignment statement. E. CODE represents the three address codes of the statement. CODE for non-terminals on the left is the concatenation of ... Read More
End-to-End EncryptionEnd-to-End Encryption (E2EE) is a secure communication method that prevents third-parties from accessing data. At the same time, the data is being transferred from one end of the device to another.In E2EE, data is encrypted in the sender system or device, and only the intended recipient can remove it from encryption.The message will not be read or interrupted by an Internet Service Provider (ISP), application service provider, attacker, or any other organization or service on its way to the destination.Many messaging providers use end-to-end encryption, and some of these providers face controversy over their decision to accept E2EE.The technology ... Read More
To combine two columns in R data frame with comma separation, we can use paste function with sep argument.For Example, if we have two columns say X and Y in a data frame called df then we can combine the values of these two columns in a new column with comma separation by using the below mentioned command −df$Combined