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Winternitz One Time Signature SchemeRobert Winternitz proposed the W-OTS approach. It is thought to be quantum resilient since it uses modest key and signature sizes.It generates 32 ☓ 256 bit random private keys in total.We then have this a number of times, and a parameter (W) is used to define them.We can hash the private keys by using W = 8(2W).It generates public keys with a length of 32 256-bitsThe signature is formed by taking 8-bits at a time, subtracting the 8-bit binary int (n) from 256, then hashing the private key 256 times.Thereafter, the signature is made up of ... Read More
Digital Service UnitA Digital Service Unit (DSU) is a piece of hardware that connects a Local Area Network (LAN) to an external communication carrier service via a Channel Service Unit (CSU).A DSU is a device with two or more ports, one designated as the WAN port and the other as the DTE port.The device translates bipolar digital signals from a digital circuit and a CSU that is compatible with the data terminal equipment to which the data is transferred.When information is sent from the DTE to the circuit, the DSU performs a similar operation in reverse.The telecommunications service that a ... Read More
What is DDNS?The Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) is a protocol that provides DNS extensions that allow DNS servers to accept requests to dynamically add, update, and delete entries in the DNS database.A DDNS server can serve both static and dynamic domains at the same time, since DDNS is a functional superset of existing DNS servers.Rather than allowing any server to change its DNS records, the secure version of DDNS authenticates update requests from DDNS hosts using critical public security and digital signatures.Dynamic DNS was created to address the problem of frequent IP changes. For example, when you search for ... Read More
Authentication, Authorization, and AccountingAuthentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) is a structural framework for gaining access to computer resources, enforcing policies, auditing, providing critical information for service invoicing, and other network administration and security procedures.This procedure is mostly used to allow specified and valid users access to network and software application resources.In relation to the network protocol RADIUS, the AAA notion is frequently utilized.Authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) is a method for tracking and regulating user access to network resources on an IP-based network. AAA is frequently set up as a dedicated server.The practice of adding or denying individual users access ... Read More
Shielded Twisted PairIBM invented the shielded twisted pair (STP) cable for token ring networks, including two independent wires coated in a foil shielding that prevents electromagnetic interference and speeds up data transmission.STP cables are protected with additional foil or copper knitting jackets to help protect cable signals from interference.STP cables are more expensive than UTP cables but can transmit data at higher prices over longer distances.Electromagnetic interference does not seep out of or into STP cable because of the additional coverageEthernet networks, particularly fast-data-rate Ethernets, frequently use STP cables.The efficiency of the additional covering depends on the following features of ... Read More
Multiple Spanning Tree ProtocolMultiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) is an algorithm that enables easy and full connectivity provided to any Virtual LAN (VLAN) across an Integrated Area Network.MSTP uses Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) to transmit information to tree-related devices by identifying practical ways to prevent loopholes in the MSTI (Multiple Spanning Tree Instance) and CIST (Common and Internal Spanning Tree). This is done in the same way as the STP was designed, but without the need to enable support links and without the risk of bridge loops.In addition, MSTP allows frames/packets allocated to different VLANs to take different routes ... Read More
To create a scatterplot with colors as group, we can define the colors in col argument as characters.For Example, if we have two vectors then we can create scatterplot between x and y with red and blue colors for x and y value by using the below mentioned command −plot(x,y,col=as.character(cut(x,2,labels=c("red","blue"))))ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)The Routing Information Protocol (RIP), which uses the hop count as a routing measure, is one of the oldest distance-vector routing technologies. RIP eliminates routing loops by restricting the number of hops permitted in a path from source to destination.RIP permits a maximum of 15 hops, which limits the size of networks that can be supported by the protocol.It also employs split horizon, route poisoning, and hold-down techniques to restrict the spread of incorrect routing information.RIP is not the preferred routing protocol in most networking setups since its time to converge, and scalability is inferior to EIGRP; ... Read More
To create a rolling mean column by displaying means to corresponding values in R data frame, we can use ave function with rep function.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a numerical column say X then we can create a rolling mean column for every 5 values by using the below mentioned command −df$Rolling_M_5
A virtual circuit (VC) transfers data via a packet-switched network that makes it look like the source and destination end systems of the data are connected by a dedicated physical link. The terms "virtual circuit" and "virtual connection" are interchangeable.A "call setup" must be established between two or more nodes or software programs before a connection or virtual circuit can be used.A bit stream or byte stream may then be sent between the nodes. As a result, a virtual circuit protocol permits higher-level protocols to avoid dealing with data division into Protocol data units.This network is a very dependable means ... Read More