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The covariance is a mathematical measurement to quantify the variation between of two variables together. That means it tells us how two variables under consideration vary together. If we have two vectors and we want to find the covariance between them then we can use the command mentioned below −cov(“First_Vector”,”Second_Vector”)Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1
SolutionFirst of all this statement will be converted into Three Address Code as−t1 = a + bt2 = −t1t3 = c + dt4 = t2 ∗ t3t5 = t1 + ct6 = t4 − t5QuadrupleLocationOperatorarg 1arg 2Result(0)+abt1(1)−t1t2(2)+cdt3(3)∗t2t3t4(4)+t1ct5(5)−t4t5t6 TripleLocationOperatorarg 1arg 2(0)+ab(1)−(0)(2)+cd(3)∗(1)(2)(4)+(0)c(5)−(3)(4)Array RepresentationQuadruple is a structure that contains atmost four fields, i.e., operator, Argument 1, Argument 2, ... Read More
There are three implementations used for three address code statements which are as follows −QuadruplesTriplesIndirect TriplesQuadruplesQuadruple is a structure that contains atmost four fields, i.e., operator, Argument 1, Argument 2, and Result.OperatorArgument 1Argument 2ResultFor a statement a = b + c, Quadruple Representation places + in the operator field, a in the Argument 1 field, b in Argument 2, and c in Result field.For example− Consider the Statementa = b + c * dFirst, convert this statement into Three Address code∴ Three Address code will bet1 = c ∗ dt2 = b + t1a = t2.After construction of the Three ... Read More
To apply t test on each row of an R data frame, we can use apply function along with t.test function. For Example, if we have a data frame called DF and we want to apply t test on each row of DF then we can use the command given below −apply(DF,1,t.test)Check out the below Example to understand how it works.ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
The three-address code is a sequence of statements of the form A−=B op C, where A, B, C are either programmer-defined names, constants, or compiler-generated temporary names, the op represents an operator that can be constant or floatingpoint arithmetic operators or a Boolean valued data or a logical operator. The reason for the name “three address code” is that each statement generally includes three addresses, two for the operands, and one for the result.In the three-address code, atmost three addresses are define any statement. Two addresses for operand & one for the result.Hence, op is an operator.An only a single ... Read More
Parse TreeParse tree is a hierarchical structure that defines the derivation of the grammar to yield input strings. In parsing, the string is derived using the start symbol. The root of the parse tree is that start symbol. It is the graphical description of symbols that can be terminals or non-terminals. Parse tree follows the precedence of operators. The deepest sub-tree traversed first. Therefore, the operator in the parent node has less precedence over the operator in the sub-tree.A Parse Tree for a CFG G = (V, Σ, P, S) is a tree satisfying the following conditions −Root has the ... Read More
The one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to check whether a data set follows certain distribution of not.For Example, if we have a vector called X and we want to know whether values in X follow normal distribution or not then we can use the command given below −ks.test(X,"pnorm")Check out the below Examples to understand how it works.Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1
HCL ConnectionsHCL Connections was founded by IBM and later acquired by HCL in 2019.It's an enterprise collaboration tool that makes it easier for teams to work together more effectively. It is used by both individuals and small/big enterprises. It uses the 2.0 development of the web.They support many types of Plug-ins like Microsoft Outlook, HCL Lotus Notes, HCL Sametime, etc.The pricing starts from 6 $/Month. They do not have a free version.HCL Connections offer their users free 5 GB of storage and maximum storage of 1 TB for paid users with a maximum file size of 2 GB.It is supported ... Read More
DropBoxDropbox is a cloud storage file, synchronization, personal cloud, and client software provided by Dropbox, Inc. Dropbox is an American Corporation headquartered in San Francisco, California. It was created as a start-up company in 2007 by Drew Houston and Arash Ferdowsi, students from MIT. They work on practically all platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, iOS, Android, and web browsers.The cloud service marketplace is projected to grow in popularity as individuals seek to access their digital information from several locations and devices. DropBox is credited with inventing the storage cloud concept, but it now faces competition.Following are some of the ... Read More
Origin of CryptographyAll great civilizations have strived to send communications in a secure manner. Only the Mesopotamians, ancient Greeks, ancient Chinese, and Spartans utilized encryption to keep their transmissions secret. Though these civilizations utilized advanced cryptography at the time, they were not impenetrable. Throughout the years, cryptography has progressed to a point where our brains are unable to decipher it on their own anymore.As of now, quantum cryptography is the most sophisticated kind of encryption that exists. Although Stephen Wiesner initially proposed it in the 1970s, it was first published in 1983. It's no secret that quantum cryptography is a ... Read More