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NumPy, stands for Numerical Python, is used for the manipulation of elements of numerical array data. SciPy, stands for Scientific Python, is used for numerical computations in Python. Both these packages provide extended functionality to work with Python. Let’s understand some basic differences between NumPy and SciPy −Functional differences − NumPy has a faster processing speed than SciPy. The functions defined in NumPy library are not in depth whereas SciPy library consists of detailed versions of the functions. SciPy is built on NumPy and it is recommended to use both libraries altogether for fast and efficient scientific and mathematical computations.Array concept − ... Read More
SciPy is built upon the following core packages −Python − Python, a general-purpose programming language, is dynamically typed and interpreted. It is well suited for interactive work and quick prototyping. It is also powerful to write AI and ML applications.NumPy − NumPy is a base N-dimensional array package for SciPy that allows us to efficiently work with data in numerical arrays. It is the fundamental package for numerical computation.Matplotlib − Matplotlib is used to create comprehensive 2-dimensional charts and plots from data. It also provides us basic 3-dimensional plotting.The SciPy library − It is one of the core packages providing us many user-friendly and ... Read More
We can install Python SciPy with the help of following methods −Scientific Python Distributions − There are various scientific Python distributions that provide the language itself along with the most used packages. The advantage of using these distributions is that they require little configuration and work on almost all the setups. Here we will be discussing three most useful distributions −Anaconda − Anaconda, a free Python distribution, works well on MS Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. It provides us over 1500 Python and R packages along with a large collection of libraries. This Python distribution is best suited for beginners.WinPython − It ... Read More
To cover different scientific computing domains, SciPy library is organized into various sub-packages. These sub-packages are explained below −Clustering package (scipy.cluster) − This package contains clustering algorithms which are useful in information theory, target detection, compression, communications, and some other areas also. It has two modules namely scipy.cluster.vq and scipy.cluster.hierarchy. As the name entails, the first module i.e., vq module supports only vector quantization and k-meansalgorithms. Whereas the second module i.e., hierarchy module provides functions for agglomerative and hierarchical clustering.Constants(scipy.constants) − It contains mathematical and physical constants. Mathematical constants include pi, golden and golden_ratio. Physical constants include c, speed_of_light, planck, gravitational_constant, etc.Legacy ... Read More
SciPy, pronounced as “Sigh Pie”, is an ecosystem of Python open-source libraries for performing Mathematical, Scientific, and Engineering computations. SciPy stands for Scientific Python and is comprised of the following core packages, called SciPy ecosystem −NumPy − NumPy is a base N-dimensional array package for SciPy that allows us to efficiently work with data in arrays.Matplotlib − Matplotlib is used to create comprehensive 2-D charts and plots from data.Pandas − Pandas is an open-source Python package used to organize and analyze our data.Apart from SciPy ecosystem, there are other related but distinct entities SciPy refers to −Community − It refers to the community of ... Read More
The Minkowski distance, a generalized form of Euclidean and Manhattan distance, is the distance between two points. It is mostly used for distance similarity of vectors. Below is the generalized formula to calculate Minkowski distance in n-dimensional space −$$\mathrm{D= \big[\sum_{i=1}^{n}|r_i-s_i|^p\big]^{1/p}}$$Here, si and ri are data points.n denotes the n-space.p represents the order of the normSciPy provides us with a function named minkowski that returns the Minkowski Distance between two points. Let’s see how we can calculate the Minkowski distance between two points using SciPy library −Example# Importing the SciPy library from scipy.spatial import distance # Defining the points A = ... Read More
The Manhattan distance, also known as the City Block distance, is calculated as the sum of absolute differences between the two vectors. It is mostly used for the vectors that describe objects on a uniform grid such as a city block or chessboard. Below is the generalized formula to calculate Manhattan distance in n-dimensional space −$$\mathrm{D =\sum_{i=1}^{n}|r_i-s_i|}$$Here, si and ri are data points.n denotes the n-space.SciPy provides us with a function named cityblock that returns the Manhattan Distance between two points. Let’s see how we can calculate the Manhattan distance between two points using SciPy library−Example# Importing the SciPy library ... Read More
Euclidean distance is the distance between two real-valued vectors. Mostly we use it to calculate the distance between two rows of data having numerical values (floating or integer values). Below is the formula to calculate Euclidean distance −$$\mathrm{d(r, s) =\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n}(s_i-r_i)^2} }$$Here, r and s are the two points in Euclidean n-space.si and ri are Euclidean vectors.n denotes the n-space.Let’s see how we can calculate Euclidean distance between two points using SciPy library −Example# Importing the SciPy library from scipy.spatial import distance # Defining the points A = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) B = (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, ... Read More
The Pima Indian Diabetes dataset, which we will be using here, is originally from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Based on the following diagnostic factors, this dataset can be used to place a patient in ether diabetic cluster or non-diabetic cluster −PregnanciesGlucoseBlood PressureSkin ThicknessInsulinBMIDiabetes Pedigree FunctionAgeYou can get this dataset in .CSV format from Kaggle website.ExampleThe example below will use SciPy library to create two clusters namely diabetic and non-diabetic from the Pima Indian diabetes dataset.#importing the required Python libraries: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np from scipy.cluster.vq import whiten, kmeans, vq ... Read More
Yes, we can also implement a K-means clustering algorithm by splitting the random data in 3 clusters. Let us understand with the example below −Example#importing the required Python libraries: import numpy as np from numpy import vstack, array from numpy.random import rand from scipy.cluster.vq import whiten, kmeans, vq from pylab import plot, show #Random data generation: data = vstack((rand(200, 2) + array([.5, .5]), rand(150, 2))) #Normalizing the data: data = whiten(data) # computing K-Means with K = 3 (3 clusters) centroids, mean_value = kmeans(data, 3) print("Code book :", centroids, "") print("Mean of Euclidean distances :", mean_value.round(4)) ... Read More