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A company’s financial leverage is its dependence on debt. It can impact the company’s return on equity (ROE) positively or negatively due to the increased risk probability.Impacts of Financial LeverageAs an individual or a company will have to pay back the debt, it will always bring about a heightened level of risk. The income an individual or a company earns must be used to pay back the debt, even if the earnings or cash flows go down.From a firm’s perspective, the use of financial leverage (debt) can positively – or sometimes negatively – impact the ROE due to an increased level ... Read More
Embedded OptionAn embedded option is a type of provision in financial security that gives the issuer or the holder of the security a specific right but not an obligation to perform some select actions in the future. The embedded options cannot be separated from the security, as they exist only as a component of the latter. Embedded options can be fixed to any financial security, but they are mostly attached to bonds.The point to note is that, one security may have multiple embedded options. The only restriction in such cases is that the options should not be mutually exclusive. For ... Read More
What is Written Down Value Method of Depreciation?The Written Down Value (WDV) method of depreciation is also known as Reducing Installment or Reducing Balance Method or Diminishing Balance Method. In this method, the depreciation is calculated at a constant fixed percentage each year on the diminishing book value, commonly known as WDV of the asset (book value less depreciation).The use of the balance brought forward from the previous year or book value and the fixed rate of depreciation decreases the depreciation charges over the lifespan of the asset. That is, when the entire lifespan of an asset is considered, the ... Read More
The interp1d() function of scipy.interpolate package is used to interpolate a 1-D function. It takes arrays of values such as x and y to approximate some function y = f(x) and then uses interpolation to find the value of new points.Syntaxscipy.interpolate.interp1d(x, y)where x is a 1-D array of real values and y is an N-D array of real values. The length of y along the interpolation axis must be equal to the length of x.Example 1Let us consider the following example −# Import the required libraries import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np from scipy import interpolate # ... Read More
The tanm() function of scipy.linalg package is used to compute the tangent of an input matrix. This routine uses expm to compute the matrix exponentials.Syntaxscipy.linalg.tanm(x)where x is the input array or a square matrix. It returns the matrix tangent of x.Example 1Let us consider the following example −# Import the required libraries from scipy import linalg import numpy as np # Define the input array x = np.array([[69 , 12] , [94 , 28]]) print("Input array: ", x) # Calculate the Tangent a = linalg.tanm(x) # Display the Tangent of matrix print("Tangent of X: ", a)OutputIt will ... Read More
The cosm() function of scipy.linalg package is used to compute the cosine of an input matrix. This routine uses expm to compute the matrix exponentials.Syntaxscipy.linalg.cosm(x)where x is the input array.Example 1Let us consider the following example −# Import the required libraries from scipy import linalg import numpy as np # Define the input array q = np.array([[121 , 10] , [77 , 36]]) print("Array Input :", q) # Calculate the Cosine r = linalg.cosm(q) # Display the Cosine of matrix print("Cosine of Q: ", r)OutputThe above program will generate the following output − Array Input : ... Read More
The sinm() function scipy.linalg package is used to compute the sine of an input matrix. This routine uses expm to compute the matrix exponentials.Syntaxscipy.linalg.sinm(x)where x is the inputer array.Example 1Let us consider the following example −# Import the required libraries from scipy from scipy import linalg import numpy as np # Define the input array X = np.array([[110, 12], [79, 23]]) print("Input Matrix, X:", X) # Calculate the Sine of the matrix n = linalg.sinm(X) # Display the Sine print("Sine of X: ", n)OutputIt will generate the following output − Input Matrix, X: [[110 12] ... Read More
The expm() function of scipy.linalg package is used to compute the matrix exponential using Padé approximation. A Padé approximant is the "best" approximation of a function by a rational function of given order. Under this technique, the approximant's power series agrees with the power series of the function it is approximating.Syntaxscipy.linalg.expm(x)where x is the input matrix to be exponentiated.Example 1Let us consider the following example −# Import the required libraries from scipy import linalg import numpy as np # Define the input array e = np.array([[100 , 5] , [78 , 36]]) print("Input Array :", e) # Calculate ... Read More
Python offers many built-in libraries and modules which provides a way to implement the additional features in developing various python applications. pyperclip is one of the cross-platform python modules to implement the copyandpaste operation in any Python application. To use it in Python application, you've to install it using the following command, pip install pyperclipThe practical use-case can be implemented by developing an application which copies the text from the clipboard and displays on the screen. Additionally, we can also display the copied text in an Entry widget or Text widget which accepts the user input in the form of ... Read More
Tkinter is a Python based GUI toolkit that is used to develop desktopbased applications. You can build the different components of an application using tkinter widgets. Tkinter programs are reliable and support crossplatform mechanisms through which a particular application can run on multiple platforms and operating systems. However, there are some of functions and class libraries that work perfectly on Windows but may not work on a Linux system.Tkinter Button widget, specifically in macOS, creates nativelooking buttons that can be customized by using the library functions and parameters available in tkinter. However, you can customize the button by highlighting it ... Read More