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Datagram Network
In a connectionless communication system, a datagram refers to the smallest unit via which data is transmitted. Datagrams are data packets which contain adequate header information so that they can be individually routed by all intermediate network switching devices to the destination. These networks are called datagram networks since communication occurs via datagrams.
Datagram networks exist in packet switching networks and follow a store-and-forward mechanism where each packet is treated as an independent entity.
Features of Datagram Networks
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Network layer operation − Datagram switching is performed at the network layer of the communication system.
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Independent packet routing − Each data packet or datagram is routed independently from the source to the destination, even if they belong to the same message. The network treats each packet as if it exists alone.
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No dedicated path − Since datagrams are treated as independent units, no dedicated path is fixed for data transfer. Each datagram is routed by intermediate routers using dynamically changing routing tables.
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No prior resource allocation − No resources like buffers, processors, or bandwidth are reserved before communication commences. Resources are allocated on demand using a First-Come First-Serve (FCFS) basis.
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Protocol support − Datagram communication is commonly implemented using User Datagram Protocol (UDP) at the transport layer.
Advantages and Disadvantages
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| No connection setup required | Packets may arrive out of order |
| Dynamic routing adapts to network changes | No guarantee of packet delivery |
| Efficient resource utilization | Higher processing overhead per packet |
| Fault tolerance through alternate routes | Potential for packet loss or duplication |
Examples
Common examples of datagram networks include:
Internet Protocol (IP) − The Internet operates as a datagram network where IP packets are routed independently.
Ethernet LANs − Local area networks using Ethernet technology employ datagram switching.
UDP-based applications − Services like DNS queries, DHCP, and real-time gaming use datagram communication.
Conclusion
Datagram networks provide connectionless packet switching where each packet is routed independently without establishing a dedicated path. While this approach offers flexibility and efficient resource usage, it requires higher-layer protocols to handle packet ordering and reliability concerns.
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