The static electricity is the result of an imbalance between the positive and negative charges of an object.To understand the phenomena of static electricity, first we need to understand the basics of atoms and charges.The Structure of AtomAll the physical objects are made up of atoms. The atoms in turn ... Read More

The Bode Plot is the frequency response plot of linear systems represented in the form of logarithmic plots. In bode plot the horizontal axis represents frequency on a logarithmic scale and the vertical axis represents either the amplitude or the phase of the frequency response function.Low Pass Filter Bode PlotThe ... Read More

The space or field in which a magnetic pole experiences a force is called as a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be produced either by moving the charge or some magnetic material. During the beginning of 19th century, a scientist named H. C. Oersted discovered that when current flows ... Read More

The directed flow of charge (free electrons) is called electric current. In other words, the electric current is defined as the rate of flow charge (free electrons). It is represented by 𝐼 or 𝑖 and measured in Amperes (A). i.e.$$I=\frac{Q}{t}=\frac{ne}{t}\:\:Ampere(A)$$Where, Q = ne, and e = 1.6 X 10-19 C.In ... Read More

Electrical Circuit Devices are essential components of electrical and electronic circuits. There are several devices that are present in electrical and electronic circuits. Some important circuit devices are as follows −SourcesSwitchesConnectorsCircuit Protection DevicesLoadsSourcesA source of electrical energy is a device that delivers energy into a system. These devices create potential ... Read More

To understand the transient response of the second order system, consider the block diagram of closed loop system with unity negative feedback.The open loop transfer function of the second order system is given by, $$G(s)=\frac{\omega_{n}^{2}}{s(s+2\zeta\:\omega_{n})}$$And the closed loop transfer function of the second order system is given by, $$\frac{C(s)}{R(s)}=\frac{G(s)}{1+G(s)}=\frac{\omega_{n}^{2}}{s^{2}+2\zeta\:\omega_{n}s+\omega_{n}^{2}} \:\:\:\:...(1)$$Where, ... Read More

ResistorThe measure of opposition offered by the substance in the flow electric current is known as Resistance of the substance and the element that possess the resistance is called a Resistor. The circuit symbol of resistor is shown in the figure below.Types of ResistorsThe resistor are broadly classified into two ... Read More

Concept of Electromotive Force (EMF)The electromotive force (EMF) of a source, is a measure of the energy the source gives to each coulomb of charge. The EMF is measured in volts (V).At first sight, the name EMF implies that it is a force that causes the current to flow but ... Read More

The superposition theorem is used in solving a network in which two or more sources are present and connected not in series or in parallel.Statement of Superposition TheoremIf two or more voltage or current sources are acting simultaneously in a linear network, the resultant current in any branch is the ... Read More

A Voltaic cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of spontaneous (natural) redox reactions into electrical energy. The Voltaic cell is also called as Galvanic cell.The voltaic cell is named after its inventor Alessandro Volta in 1799.In redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions, the electrons are moved between two different ... Read More