Introduction Transgenic organisms, also known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), are organisms that have had their DNA artificially altered by the insertion of foreign genes. These modifications can be made for a variety of purposes, such as improving crop yields, increasing disease resistance, or producing new medicines. While there are ... Read More

Introduction Protoplast fusion is a technique used in genetic engineering, plant breeding, and plant biotechnology. It involves the fusion of two plant protoplasts, or cells that have had their cell walls removed, to create a hybrid plant. Protoplast fusion has been used to create new plant varieties with desirable traits, ... Read More

Introduction Plant tissue culture is a widely used technique in the production of secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not essential for the survival of the plant but play important roles in plant defence mechanisms, as well as in the treatment of diseases in humans. Secondary ... Read More

Introduction Plant transformation is the process of introducing foreign genes or genetic material into the genome of a plant, resulting in a genetically modified organism (GMO). It is a powerful tool that has revolutionized the field of plant biotechnology, allowing scientists to develop crops that are resistant to pests ... Read More

Introduction In the field of biology, growth and regeneration are fundamental processes that are essential for the survival of organisms. However, the storage and preservation of biological materials are equally important, as they ensure the continuity and reproducibility of research. Discussed below are various media and techniques used for growth, ... Read More

Introduction Somatic hybridization is a recent innovation in plant breeding that overcomes these limitations. Somatic hybridization is the fusion of two somatic cells from different plant species to produce a hybrid. In this process, the two parent plants are not crossed sexually; instead, their somatic cells are fused in vitro ... Read More

Introduction Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are separate from the bacterial chromosome. They are found in bacteria and are capable of self-replication. Plasmids often carry genes that confer some selective advantage to the bacterium, such as antibiotic resistance. As such, they are important tools in genetic engineering and ... Read More

Introduction Ion exchange chromatography is a powerful technique for separating and purifying proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and other charged biomolecules based on their net charge. The technique involves the use of a stationary phase consisting of a resin with fixed charged groups that bind to the target molecules based ... Read More

Introduction Protoplast culture is a laboratory technique that involves the isolation of the plant cell from the cell wall. The protoplasts can then be cultured in vitro, allowing for the study of cellular processes, including cell division, differentiation, and regeneration. Protoplast The technique has many applications in plant biotechnology, ... Read More

Introduction Handling and sterilization of plant material is an important aspect of any laboratory or plant research facility. Plant material, such as leaves, stems, and seeds, can be contaminated with microbes and other pathogens that can affect the results of research. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of research, it ... Read More