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Frame Structure for OFDMA with Time Division Duplexing
Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of digital data modulation scheme OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing). In OFDM, a single stream of data is divided into several separate sub-streams for transmission via multiple channels. OFDM uses the principle of frequency division multiplexing (FDM), where the available bandwidth is divided into a set of sub-streams having separate frequency bands.In OFDMA, multiple access is achieved by assignment of different subsets of subcarriers to individual stations. This permits transmission to go on simultaneously at lower data rate from several stations.The stations assigned to a given subcarrier alternate between sending ...
Read MoreThe 802.16 Physical Layer
The IEEE 802.16 is a set of standards that lays down the specifications for wireless broadband technology. It has been commercialized as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) that is responsible for delivery of last mile wireless broadband access. It lays down the standards for both physical layer as well as medium access control (MAC) layer for WiMAX.Physical Layer Features of WiMAXThere are two popular services of the physical layer −Fixed WiMAX.Mobile WiMAX.WiMAX initially provided data rates of 30 – 40 Mbps. The updated version that came in 2011 provides up to 1 Gbps data rates for fixed stations.It operates ...
Read MoreThe 802.16 Architecture and Protocol Stack
The 802.16 is a set of standards defined by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) that lays down the specifications for wireless broadband technology. It has been commercialized as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) that is responsible for delivery of last mile wireless broadband access.The IEEE 802.16 lays down the standards for both physical layer as well as medium access control (MAC) layer for WiMAX. It initially provided data rates of 30 – 40 Mbps. The updated version that came in 2011 provides up to 1 Gbps data rates for fixed stations. It operates in the frequency band ...
Read MoreHow to Install and Configure an NTP Client and Server on Linux?
This article will help to know how to configure an NTP (Network Time Protocol) server and client on RHEL/Cent OS Linux to manage the system clock with to help of an NTP server.NTP (Network Time Protocol)NPT is used to synchronize a computer’s machine’s time with another time source. In RHEL / CentOS Linux we can use NTP or OpenNTPD server, which provides client and server software for time synchronization.Installing NTP SoftwareThe NTP package have utilities and daemons that will synchronize the machine time to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) via the NTP protocol. The NTP package has ntpdate (Which updates the ...
Read MoreHow to Monitor Your Ubuntu System with Sysdig?
Sysdig is an open source application, It captures system state and activity from a running Linux instance, then saves, filters and analyzes. It is scriptable in Lua and consists of a command line interface and an effective interactive UI, Sysdig is a combination of strace + tcpdump + htop + iftop + lsof + transaction tracing + awesome sauce. This article explains about -“How To Monitor Your Ubuntu System with Sysdig”.Installing SysdigConfigure the apt repository with trusted Draios GPG key as shown below –# curl -s https://s3.amazonaws.com/download.draios.com/DRAIOS-GPG-KEY.public | apt-key add - # curl -s -o /etc/apt/sources.list.d/draios.list http://download.draios.com/stable/deb/draios.listTo update the package ...
Read MoreWannaCry Ransomware – How to Avoid Such Attacks
The recent WannaCry ransomware attack is so massive that it has affected more than 2, 00, 000 machines across 150 countries around the globe. There are individuals, various institutions and government agencies who became victims of this cyber extortion. Now all of them are desperately looking for a solution to retrieve their locked data. They may not want to pay the demanded ransom amount, but if they will not able to find a suitable solution then, may end up paying the ransom to the blackmailers.While paying the ransom amount, there is no guaranty that whether you will get back your ...
Read MoreHow to Install and Setup Cacti on Ubuntu 16.04
Cacti is a Network monitoring device that creates personalized graphs of server efficiency. It is accessed and managed via an online entrance-finish. This article explains on – How to install and set up cacti on Ubuntu.PrerequisitesLAMPSNMP, SNMPD and RRDtoolsTo install LAMP, add the following repository as shown below –$ sudo add-apt-repository 'deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty universe'To update the packages, using the following command –$ sudo apt-get updateTo install LAMP, use the following command –$ sudo apt-get install apache2 mysql-server-5.6 php libapache2-mod-phpThe sample output should be like this –Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done libapache2-mod-php is already ...
Read MoreThe Internet of Nano Things
We are amazed at the revolution of technology which brought us by the awesome concept called- Internet of Things (IOT). With the help of intelligent technology, we are able to transform our ordinary home to smart home and control it just by giving the command from a device without physically operating them. There are smart watches that not only track all our physical activities but also alert us when the stats cross the limits.But, on the technology front, things are moving faster so as our needs to get more comfort with the help of technology. That is why now the ...
Read MoreHow To Install and Configure Sysdig to Monitor your Ubuntu 16.04
In this article, we will learn – How to install and configure the Sysdiag tool. Sysdiag is an open-source activity monitoring tool which can be used to capture and analyze application logs which have powerful filtering features with customizable outputs.Sysdig works from getting the information from the kernel which allows capturing system calls and the information which comes to the kernel. It also monitors the servers which are installed on the system.Pre-requisitesTo complete this demo we need the following requirements − film John Wick − Chapter 2 online.Ubuntu 16.04 installed on the machineA non-root user with Sudo permission of the ...
Read MoreHow To Configure and Set Up a Firewall on Ubuntu 16.04
In this article we will learn about – how to configure and setup UFW ( Firewall) on Ubuntu 16.04, UFW stands for Uncomplicated Firewall which acts as an interface to IPTABLES that simplifies the process of the configuration of firewalls it will be a very hard for a beginners to learns and configure the firewall rules where we will secure the network from unknown users are machines. UFW works on the policies we configure as rules.Pre-requisitesFor this, we needed a non-root user with root permission on the machine.Installing the UFW (Firewall)UFW is installed by default with Ubuntu, if not installed ...
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