Connection-Oriented ServicesIn a connection-oriented service, each packet is related to a source/destination connection. These packets are routed along a similar path, known as a virtual circuit. Thus, it provides an end-to-end connection to the client for reliable data transfer.It delivers information in order without duplication or missing information. It does not congest the communication channel and the buffer of the receiving device. The host machine requests a connection to interact and closes the connection after the transmission of the data.Mobile communication is an example of a connection-oriented service.Connectionless-ServiceIn connectionless service, a router treats each packet individually. The packets are routed ... Read More

Hub is a unique device used to enhance a network by enabling increased workstations in the network.The three main types of Hubs are as follows−Passive HubPassive hubs do not include any computerized elements, and they do not procedure the data signal at all. The main goal of a passive hub is to connect the signals from various network cable segments. All devices connected to a passive hub take all the packets that develop through the hub.One example of the passive hub is the punch down block consisting of a plastic box with different connectors (mostly RJ 45). This hub is ... Read More

The B-ISDN (broadband integrated services digital network) is a virtual circuit-switched network that can use high-speed packet switching services. The B-ISDN will use a flexible multiplexing format called ATM (asynchronous transfer mode).B-ISDN services are classified into interactive and distribution services. Interactive services contain the bidirectional flow of user information between two subscribers or between a subscriber and a service provider.Interactive servicesThe interactive services are further divided into three sub-categories which are as follows−ConversationalConversational service involves the real-time exchange of information such as sound, video, data or entire documents. Examples include video-telephony, video-conference, and high-speed data transfer. Video-telephony is like the ... Read More

A TCP connection is a full-duplex connection. To understand the connection release, we can consider them to be a pair of simplex connections. We can then imagine that each simplex connection is being released independently. Releasing a TCP connection is symmetric. Either port can send a TCP segment with the FIN bit set, meaning it has no more information to send when the FIN is acknowledged that direction is shut down. Still, data can continue to flow continually in the other direction.If a FIN response is not taken within two maximum packet lifetimes, the FIN's sender releases the connection. The ... Read More

The connection is established in TCP using the three-way handshake as discussed earlier to create a connection. One side, say the server, passively stays for an incoming link by implementing the LISTEN and ACCEPT primitives, either determining a particular other side or nobody in particular.The other side performs a connect primitive specifying the I/O port to which it wants to join. The maximum TCP segment size available, other options are optionally like some private data (example password).The CONNECT primitive transmits a TCP segment with the SYN bit on and the ACK bit off and waits for a response.The sequence of ... Read More

To make the transport services reliable, TCP hosts must establish a connection-oriented session with one another. Connection establishment is performed by using the three-way handshake mechanism. A three-way handshake synchronizes both ends of a network by enabling both sides to agree upon original sequence numbers. This mechanism also provides that both sides are ready to transmit data and learn that the other side is available to communicate. This is essential so that packets are not shared or retransmitted during session establishment or after session termination. Each host randomly selects a sequence number used to track bytes within the stream it ... Read More

Every TCP segment consists of a 20 byte fixed format header. Header options may follow the fixed header. With a header so that it can tag up to 65535 data bytes.The TCP header format is shown in the figure below −Source PortIt is a 16-bit source port number used by the receiver to reply.Destination PortIt is a 16-bit destination port number.Sequence NumberThe sequence number of the first data byte in this segment. During the SYN Control bit is set, and the sequence number is n, and the first data byte is n + 1.Acknowledgement NumberIf the ACK control bit is ... Read More

The services provided by the transport layer are explained below −Address MappingIt means mapping of transport address onto the network address. Whenever a session entity requests to send a transport service data unit (TSDU) to another session entity, it sends its transport service access point address as its identification. The transport entity then determines the network service access point (NSAP) address. This is known as address mapping.Assignment of Network ConnectionThe transport entity assigns a network connection for carrying the transport protocol data units (TPDUs). The transport entity establishes this assigned network connection. In some of the transport protocols, recovery from ... Read More

The transport layer is a fourth layer from the top. The transport layer's central role is to support the broadcasting services precisely to the application procedures running on multiple hosts.It includes the transport service of the session layer entities quality, where quality is determined in the condition of residual error rate, throughput interruption and other quality checking frameworks.It can do splitting, multiplexing, blocking or segmenting on the requirement. It provides end to end connectivity. It can carry out the messages sequencing and exercise end-to-end error control to provide the transport service quality.The transport layer provides its services to session layer ... Read More

The shortest path routing algorithm is an extensively set up non-adaptive routing algorithm that routes a packet dependent on Dijkstra's important shortest path algorithm. In this methodology, packets that appear at a node take one of the shortest paths to a specific destination on the system.The shortcoming of this manner is that it does not consider the modification in the network traffic powerfully. For instance, queuing brings congestion in the middle nodes developing in packets being deferred before arriving at the destination. In this approach, it would be beneficial to advance packets to choose routes that cannot be the shortest ... Read More