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We can perform data parameterization in TestNG. The parameterization in execution in TestNG can be done in the following ways −data parameterization with @Parameters annotation.data parameterization with @DataProvider annotation.ExampleCode Implementation of TestNG xml file with @Parameter annotation. We can pass values at runtime to the test methods by defining in the TestNG xml file.Exampleimport org.testng.annotations.Parameters; import org.testng.annotations.Test; public class TestParameter { ... Read More
It is complex and laborious to define concept hierarchies for numerical attributes because of the broad diversity of applicable data ranges and the frequent updates of data values. There are various methods of concept hierarchy generation for numeric data are as follows −Binning − Binning is a top-down splitting technique based on a defined number of bins. These methods are also used as discretization methods for numerosity reduction and concept hierarchy generation. These techniques can be used recursively to the resulting partitions to make concept hierarchies. Binning does not use class data and is, therefore, an unsupervised discretization technique. It ... Read More
The data discretization techniques can be used to reduce the number of values for a given continuous attribute by dividing the range of the attribute into intervals. Interval labels can be used to restore actual data values. It can be restoring multiple values of a continuous attribute with a small number of interval labels therefore decrease and simplifies the original information.This leads to a concise, easy-to-use, knowledge-level representation of mining results. Discretization techniques can be categorized depends on how the discretization is implemented, such as whether it uses class data or which direction it proceeds (i.e., top-down vs. bottom-up). If ... Read More
Dimensionality ReductionIn dimensionality reduction, data encoding or transformations are used to access a reduced or “compressed” depiction of the original data. If the original data can be regenerated from the compressed data without any loss of data, the data reduction is known as lossless. If data reconstructed is only approximated of the original data, then the data reduction is called lossy.The DWT is nearly associated with the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), a signal processing technique containing sines and cosines. In general, the DWT achieves better lossy compression. That is if a similar number of coefficients is maintained for a DWT ... Read More
We can skip a particular test method in TestNG. To overlook a particular test method from execution in TestNG enabled helper attribute is used. This attribute has to be set to false to overlook a test method from execution. Code Implementation of Java class file.@Test(enabled=false) public void verifyRepay(){ System.out.println("Repayment successful"); } @Test public void Login(){ System.out.println("Login is successful "); } @Test public verifyHistory(){ System.out.println ("History verification is successful"); }Here the verifyRepay() method shall be overlooked during execution.
We can group test cases in Pytest. Pytest is a test framework in python. To install pytest, we need to use the command pip install pytest. After installation, we can verify if python has been installed by the command pytest – version. The version of pytest shall be known.Pytest can be used for creating and executing test cases. It can be used in a wide range of testing API, UI, database, and so on. The test file of pytest has a naming convention that it starts with test_ or ends with _test keyword and every line of code should be ... Read More
In the Numerosity reduction, the data volume is reduced by choosing an alternative, smaller form of data representation. These techniques may be parametric or nonparametric. For parametric methods, a model is used to estimate the data, so that only the data parameters need to be stored, instead of the actual data, for example, Log-linear models. Non-parametric methods are used for storing a reduced representation of the data which include histograms, clustering, and sampling.There are the following techniques of numerosity reduction which are as follows −Regression and Log-Linear Models − These models can be used to approximate the given data. In ... Read More
In dimensionality reduction, data encoding or transformations are applied to obtain a reduced or “compressed” representation of the original data. If the original data can be reconstructed from the compressed data without any failure of information, the data reduction is known as lossless. If data reconstructed is only approximated of the original data, then the data reduction is called lossy.There are two methods of lossy reduction which are as follows −Wavelet Transforms − The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is a linear signal processing technique that, when applied to a data vector X, transforms it to a numerically different vector, X’, ... Read More
The fixtures are methods that shall execute before each test method to which it is associated in pytest. Pytest is a test framework in python. To install pytest, we need to use the command pip install pytest. After installation, we can verify if python has been installed by the command pytest –version. The version of pytest shall be known.Pytest can be used for creating and executing test cases. It can be used in a wide range of testing API, UI, database, and so on. The test file of pytest has a naming convention that it starts with test_ or ends ... Read More
Attribute subset selection decreases the data set size by eliminating irrelevant or redundant attributes (or dimensions). Attribute subset selection aims to discover a minimum set of attributes such that the resulting probability distribution of the data classes is as close as applicable to the original distribution accessing using all attributes. Data mining on a reduced set of attributes has an extra benefit. It reduces the multiple attributes occurring in the discovered patterns, provides to create the patterns simpler to understand.For n attributes, there are 2n possible subsets. An exhaustive search for the optimal subset of attributes can be intensely expensive, ... Read More