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Circuit switching and Message switching are both telecommunication techniques that are used to transfer data from a source to a destination with minimal loss in transmission.Circuit switching is a way of constructing a dedicated network in which two network nodes create a dedicated communications channel before connecting. In message switching, the source and destination nodes are not connected; the intermediate nodes are in charge of data transfer.Read through this article to find out more about Circuit switching and Message switching and how they are different from each other.What is Circuit Switching?In circuit switching, networks create dedicated transmission channels. While other ... Read More
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a protocol used for 2G and 3G communication. In CDMA, a channel carries all types of transmission simultaneously without division of bandwidth or time. Data from different stations is transmitted simultaneously using different code modulation.Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a high-performance interface for cellular mobile communications. It supports high-speed networks and at present, it is the fastest network protocol for smartphones and mobile phones.Read through this article to find out more about CDMA and LTE and how they are different from each other.What is CDMA?CDMA uses a single channel to carry all signals at the ... Read More
A linked list is a sequence of elements that are connected together. Each list have a head and series of nodes and each node has data of the current node and link to next node. The basic operations of a linked list are insertion, deletion, search and delete. Removing duplicates from a sorted linked list One way to remove nodes from is using recursion. The idea is to compare each node with its adjacent node and delete the duplicate one they are equal. Our recursive call will return us to the next node. So for the next element, we will ... Read More
Given a number in the form of a string, we need to find where to make it divisible by eight after deleting zero or more elements. In other words, we need to find whether there is a subsequence of the string, which is divisible by 8. Return the modified string or -1 if it is not possible. According to divisibility rules, any number whose last three digits are divisible by 8 is also divisible by 8. For example, 56992992 and 476360 are divisible by 8, but 2587788 is not. If the result is a whole number, then the original number ... Read More
Bandwidth and Throughput are frequently used terms in telecommunications and sometimes we tend to use them as synonyms, but there's a subtle difference between these two terms.Bandwidth refers to the data capacity of a channel. It is defined as the total amount of data which can be transferred over a network in a specific period of time. Throughput, on the other hand, refers to the exact measurement of data transferred in a specific time period. It is also termed as "effective data rate" or "payload rate". Every network connection has a throughput, which explains how bits are transmitted across a ... Read More
Given an algebraic string like p-(q-r)-s, we need to remove the brackets and convert this string to a string with the same mathematical result. So the string p-(q-r)-s is converted to p-q+r-s, giving us the same mathematical result. To achieve this, we can use a stack and keep track of whether or not we should flip the upcoming signs in the bracket expression. 0 mean + or no flip 1 mean - or flip So on every bracket opening, we will push either 0 or 1 depending on whether the signs in this bracket will flip or not. ... Read More
Both DES and AES are symmetric-key block ciphers that are used in encryption where just one key (the secret key) is utilized to encode and decode electronic data. The key must be exchanged between the organizations communicating using symmetric encryption so that it can be utilized in the decryption process.Go through this article to find out the features of AES and DES ciphers and how they differ from each other.What is DES Cipher?The Data Encryption Standard, often known as DES, is a symmetric key block cypher developed by IBM in 1977.Plaintext is divided into two halves in DES encryption, and ... Read More
In this problem, we have a binary tree with a path from the root node to the leaf node that is completely defined. The sum of all nodes from the root node to the leaf node must be greater than or equal to, a constant value, k. So we need to remove all nodes in those paths whose sum is less than k, such that the only paths left in the tree will be greater than k. An important thing to remember here is that a node may be a part of many paths, so only remove such nodes if ... Read More
JavaScript is a scripting language that is used to generate dynamic HTML pages with interactive effects on a webpage that runs in the web browser of the client. On the other hand, Angular JS is a framework that is built on JavaScript and adds new functionalities to HTML. Its primary purpose is to facilitate the creation of dynamic and single-page web applications (SPAs). In this article, we are going to highlight the differences between Angular JS and JavaScript. Let's start with a basic understanding of JavaScript and AngularJS. What is JavaScript? JavaScript is a simple programming language that is most ... Read More
Many developers will indeed agree that comparing C Programming and PHP is unfair because they differ in web development. PHP is by far the most famous serverside scripting language. JavaScript works with things on the client end without ever returning to the server, while PHP manages things on the application server. PHP is based on the C programming language, thus everyone with a basic understanding of C will find it easy to learn PHP. What is PHP? PHP is a general−purpose programming language that is primarily utilized in the development of websites. It was developed in 1994 by DanishCanadian programmer ... Read More