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Introduction The human immune system is an incredibly complex and powerful mechanism, capable of detecting and defending against a vast array of potential threats. At the heart of this system are specialized cells called T cells and B cells, which are capable of recognizing specific foreign molecules known as antigens. Antigen presentation is a crucial process that allows these immune cells to recognize and respond to antigens. This article will explore the mechanisms of antigen presentation and its importance in the immune system's function. What is Antigen Presentation? Antigen presentation is the process by which specialized immune cells present ... Read More
Introduction Antigen presenting cells (APCs) are a crucial part of the immune system. They play a crucial role in initiating and regulating immune responses by presenting foreign antigens to immune cells. Accessory cells, also known as antigen-presenting cells, are a subset of immune cells that play an essential role in the immune response. Below we shall discuss in detail the accessory cell or antigen-presenting cell (APC). Dendritic Cell Presenting Antigen to T-helper Cell Overview of Accessory Cells Accessory cells or antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are a group of immune cells that are responsible for presenting antigens to T-cells. They play ... Read More
The thyroid gland in the neck’s center looks like a little butterfly and is a part of the endocrine system. Producing hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine hormones, the thyroid plays important roles. These hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) play instrumental roles in regulating the body’s metabolism. Like a control center for the body, the thyroid-secreted hormones enable the body to maintain and use energy levels well. The heart and brain, muscles, and other organs function well due to the hormones. According to WHO, the world has 750 million people who suffer from thyroid issues. ... Read More
Introduction Nutrient media is a type of growth medium that is commonly used in microbiology to culture and grow various microorganisms. It is a complex mixture of nutrients that are necessary for the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and fungi. It can be made using a variety of different ingredients, each of which serves a specific purpose in promoting the growth of microorganisms. Discussed below are different types of nutrient media and their preparation. Types of Nutrient Media There are many different types of nutrient media that are used in microbiology, each of which is designed to ... Read More
An Overview Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or PAGE, is a powerful tool used by scientists to separate and analyse proteins, DNA, and RNA. This technique is widely used in various fields, including biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and proteomics, to study the properties of macromolecules and their interactions. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis with 15-Lane Blue Loading Buffer Given below is the purpose of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, its history, and how it works. We will also elucidate the different types of PAGE and their applications, as well as the advantages and limitations of this technique. History of Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis The development of ... Read More
What is Synthetic Seed Technology? Synthetic seed technology is a plant biotechnology technique that involves the production of artificial seeds from plant embryos. The process of producing synthetic seeds involves encapsulating a somatic embryo or shoot-tip culture in a protective coating. The protective coating is composed of a mixture of gelling agents, nutrients, and growth regulators that promote the growth and development of the plant embryo. Synthetic seeds offer several advantages over conventional seeds. They are easier to handle, transport, and store. They can also be used for planting in areas with adverse environmental conditions, such as drought-prone regions ... Read More
Introduction Gel electrophoresis is a widely used analytical technique in molecular biology and biochemistry that allows the separation of DNA, RNA, and protein molecules based on their size, charge, and other physical properties. It is a simple and effective way to isolate and purify specific molecules from complex mixtures, such as DNA fragments, RNA transcripts, or proteins. Gel electrophoresis is used in a variety of applications, including genetic research, medical diagnostics, and biotechnology. Herewith is a comprehensive overview of gel electrophoresis, including its definition, principle, steps, and uses. Definition of Gel Electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used ... Read More
Introduction Affinity chromatography is a powerful technique used in the field of biochemistry to separate and purify proteins, enzymes, and other biomolecules from a complex mixture of biological samples. This technique relies on the specific interaction between a target molecule and a ligand that is immobilized on a chromatographic support. Affinity chromatography is widely used in the purification of biological molecules, and its success can be attributed to its high specificity, high yield, and ease of use. Affinity chromatography used in isolation of biological molecules Given below is an overview of the principles, techniques, and applications of affinity ... Read More
An Insight Bacterial growth curve is a graphical representation of the growth rate of bacteria in a closed environment. It provides us with a valuable insight into the life cycle of bacteria and their behaviour under different environmental conditions. A typical bacterial growth curve consists of four phases − Lag phase. Exponential phase. Stationary phase. Death phase. Topic herewith discusses the phases in detail. Lag Phase The lag phase is the first phase of the bacterial growth curve. In this phase, bacteria are adjusting to their new environment and preparing for growth. During this phase, there is ... Read More
Introduction The quality and representativeness of the data used to train and test a machine learning model significantly impact its success. The distribution of training and test data is a key factor in determining the quality of the data. The distribution of training data is the probability distribution of the input data used to train a machine learning model. In contrast, the probability distribution of the input data used to assess the model's effectiveness is referred to as the distribution of test data. This article will examine the variations in training and test data distributions and how they may affect ... Read More