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Multiversion Timestamp Ordering (MVTO) is a popular concurrency control technique used in database management systems (DBMSs). MVTO allows multiple versions of a data item to coexist at the same time, providing high concurrency and data consistency while preventing conflicts and deadlocks. In this article, we will discuss the definition and components of MVTO, as well as how it works. Multiversion Timestamp Ordering (MVTO) In MVTO, each version of the data item has a unique timestamp associated with it. Transactions that access the data item are assigned timestamps as well. There are three components of MVTO: timestamps, versions, and ordering − ... Read More
It is essential to maintain data consistency and prevent concurrency issues in database systems. It should be multiple transactions accessing the same data simultaneously. Multiversion Concurrency Control (MVCC) techniques provide an efficient and effective way to achieve this. In this article, we will discuss Multiversion Concurrency Control (MVCC) techniques, its various types, and properties. Concurrency Control Protocols Database systems provide concurrency control to ensure isolation among transactions. It maintains consistency of the database through consistent execution of transactions. It also resolves conflicts arising from read-write and write-read operations. There are various techniques used for concurrency control − Two-phase locking ... Read More
Multiple relation queries and JOIN ordering are crucial components of modern database management systems (DBMSs). The execution of multiple relation queries can be challenging because they involve multiple tables, and the order of JOIN operations can affect query performance significantly. Query optimization is a vital aspect of DBMS, as it ensures that queries are executed efficiently. In this article, we will discuss challenges of executing multiple relation queries, techniques for optimizing JOIN ordering, factors that affect JOIN ordering, best practices for optimizing multiple relation queries, and JOIN ordering, and examples of optimization. Introduction Multiple relation queries involve the execution ... Read More
DBMS (Database Management System) is used for effective management of data. It enables multiple users to access the same data without compromising its consistency and integrity. A Challenge in DBMS is locking, which is used to prevent multiple users from accessing the same data simultaneously. In this article, we will discuss a detailed discussion on multiple granularity locking. Multiple Granularity Locking Multiple granularity locking is a locking mechanism that provides different levels of locks for different database objects. It allows for different locks at different levels of granularity. This mechanism allows multiple transactions to lock different levels of granularity, ensuring ... Read More
Introduction Proteins are known as the basic body-building macromolecules in our body. Since they are required in more quantity in our body like carbohydrates and lipids, they are called macromolecules. Proteins are made up of monomeric units called amino acids to form polymeric proteins. So, we can say that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins form the essential part of every cell and are important for growth and repair are form the enzymes in our body. They mediate virtually every process that takes place in a cell, exhibiting an almost endless diversity of functions. Study of ... Read More
In this article, we will discuss multilevel indexes in RDBMS, their types, and examples. In Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS), indexes are essential data structures that allow faster data retrieval by reducing the number of disk accesses required to retrieve data. But, traditional indexes can become inefficient as the database size grows. Multilevel indexes provide a solution to this problem by dividing the index into smaller, manageable pieces. Indexing Indexing helps to optimize the performance of a database. It minimizes the number of disk accesses required when a query is processed. It is a data structure technique which is used ... Read More
Introduction Bacteriophages replicate themselves by two pathways which are the lytic and lysogenic cycles. Both cycles differ from each other in the fact that in the lytic phase bacteriophage assembles its particles and causes the rupturing of the host bacteria whereas, in the case of the lysogenic cycle, the phage integrates a segment of DNA into the host genome which is transmitted to other generations as the bacteria divides. The lysogenic cycle is also known as the temperate phase and bacteriophage P1 is one such type of virus that shows lysogeny. In this segment, we will be discussing the structure, ... Read More
Overview of Development Action Plan (DAP) Development Action Plan (DAP) is a strategic and structured document that outlines the goals, objectives, and steps required for an individual or an organisation to achieve specific developmental objectives. It is typically used in the context of professional or personal development, and serves as a roadmap for guiding and tracking progress towards identified goals. Components of a Development Action Plan The components of a typical DAP may include − Goals − Clearly defined and specific statements that outline the overarching outcomes or achievements that the individual or organisation ... Read More
Introduction Radio isotopic hybridization techniques have been used for many years for the detection of DNA and RNA fragments from a mixture of molecules. But radio isotopic hybridization techniques are more hazardous as they cause harm to the person in the vicinity by activating cancerous cells and causing harm to the DNA. Therefore, to avoid this problem safer alternatives have been searched and researchers have come up with a comparatively new technique in which enzyme-labeled probes react with the florescent substrate to colored products. Non-Radioactive Hybridization The non-radio isotopic hybridization method helps in the detection of the DNA fragment of ... Read More
In this article, we will delve into an interesting problem involving strings, hashing, and classification in C++. The problem statement is "Classify strings from an array using a custom hash function". This problem offers a great opportunity to learn about custom hash functions, their uses, and their applications in data classification and string manipulation. Problem Statement Given an array of strings, the task is to classify the strings into different categories using a custom hash function. Custom Hash Function A hash function is a function that is used to map data of arbitrary size to a fixed size. In our ... Read More