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Introduction DNA is the main hereditary material found in all organisms. It is a double stranded macromolecule and is found in the nucleus of the cell. DNA is composed of nitrogen bases namely adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, phosphate group and sugar. It helps in the transmission of characters from parents to offspring. DNA typing is also called DNA fingerprinting, genetic fingerprinting or DNA profiling. It is a common technique that can identify slightest differences in the DNA. DNA typing has been used in forensic investigations, establishment of paternity, disease diagnosis and establishment of ancestry. Principle Behind DNA Profiling ... Read More
Introduction The central dogma of molecular biology stated the utilization of genetic information. The first process is replication, the copying of parental DNA to form daughter DNA molecules with identical nucleotide sequences. The second process is transcription, which is the process by which a genetic message present in the DNA is copied into an RNA. The third process involves the translation of messages on RNA to a polypeptide chain with a particular amino acid in the ribosomes. With all these processes one more process takes place in viruses where genetic material is RNA, in such organisms a complementary ... Read More
Introduction Transposons are a type of mobile genetic element in which DNA sequences have a unique ability to move from one place to another within a chromosome. Eukaryotes have transposons that are structurally similar to bacterial transposons and some similar transposition mechanisms. In other cases, however, the mechanism of transposition seems to involve an RNA intermediate with the evolution of certain classes of RNA viruses. Epigenetic regulation can be defined as the phenomenon by which the mode of working of a specific gene is controlled by mea Retrotransposons Retrotransposons code for an enzyme that is very similar to ... Read More
Introduction Restriction sites are the unique sites on the DNA that are recognized by restriction enzymes and then cleaved into smaller fragments. They are also called recognition sites. These restriction sites and their recognition has revolutionized the field of genetic engineering ad cloning techniques. Several molecular markers are developed based on this. In this series restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) markers have been developed in recent years that have been used in the determination of single nucleotide polymorphisms and the construction of the genetic map. Every site pertaining to a particular restriction enzyme can be represented genome-wide by these short RAD ... Read More
In the information age, it's common to encounter strings of text that contain URLs. As part of data cleaning or web scraping tasks, we often need to extract these URLs for further processing. In this article, we'll explore how to do this using C++, a high-performance language that offers fine-grained control over system resources. Understanding URLs A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. In layman's terms, a URL is a web address. Problem Statement Given a string that contains several URLs, ... Read More
Introduction Genetic markers can be defined as a sequence of DNA with a known physical location on a chromosome. Genetic markers and genes that are close to each other tend to get inherited together. Genetic markers vary between individuals to the extent they can be used to help find a nearby gene causing a certain disease or trait within a family. Random amplified polymorphic DNA is one of such genetic markers which used the polymerase chain reaction method for the amplification of random DNA segments on a chromosome. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA This technique uses a short primer that attaches ... Read More
Cassandra is developed by the Apache Software Foundation. It is a NoSQL database management system. Cassandra utilizes a wide column store to efficiently handle large volumes of data across multiple commodity servers. It is an open-source platform. It offers high availability without a single point of failure. Cassandra is written in Java. The distributed architecture of Apache Cassandra allows for scalability, fault tolerance, and high availability. Nodes are an essential concept in Apache Cassandra's distributed architecture. In this article, we will discuss an overview of nodes in Apache Cassandra, their types, operations, and adding/removing nodes in Apache Cassandra. Node in ... Read More
The concept of deferred update in database management systems (DBMS) involves postponing the actual updates to the database on disk until a transaction successfully completes its execution and reaches the commit point. During the execution of a transaction, updates are only recorded in the log and in the cache buffers. Once the transaction reaches its commit point and the log is forcefully written to disk, the updates are then recorded in the database. If a transaction fails before reaching its commit point, there is no need to undo any operations because the database on disk remains unaffected. As a result, ... Read More
New storage systems are designed to handle large volumes of data. These new storage systems provide reliable, scalable, and cost-effective storage solutions. In this article, we will discuss three of the most significant recent developments in storage systems Storage Area Networks Storage Area Network (SAN) is a high-speed network of online storage peripherals. These are configured as nodes to allow for flexible attachment and detachment from servers. SANs have become essential for organizations with high storage demands and are preferred over RAID systems as they offer many-to-many connectivity and better isolation capabilities. SAN providers supply their own proprietary topologies. ... Read More
Generating strings that include characters and numbers is a common task in programming. Java provides several ways to generate such strings, and in this article, we will discuss some of the ways to generate strings using characters and numbers in Java. We will cover different approaches to generate random strings and string permutations using characters and numbers. Approach 1: Using Random Class to Generate Random Strings The Random class in Java provides a convenient way to generate random numbers and characters. We can use this class to generate random strings by generating a sequence of random numbers and mapping them ... Read More