Introduction Molecular markers are also known as genetic markers. They are the DNA within a known locus on a chromosome and can be used as an identification tool. Inside a chromosome, these molecular markers help in the identification of specific DNA of interest. A variable number of tandem repeats are ... Read More

Introduction Microorganisms are organisms that cannot be seen through the naked eye and require a special aid to observe them. They are cosmopolitan in nature that is are found everywhere. Most of the microorganisms are harmless to us but some cause serious diseases. The microorganisms that cause diseases are called ... Read More

Introduction Occasional inheritable mutation yields organisms that are suited for better survival in an ecological niche and progeny that are preferentially selected. This process of mutation and selection is the basis for the Darwinian evolution that led from the first cell to all modern organisms and explains the fundamental similarity ... Read More

Introduction Sterilization is a process of complete removal of all types of living organisms from certain surfaces, objects, or liquids to avoid the chances of contamination and spoilage. It is either done by physical methods like ultraviolet radiations, autoclaving, etc., or by chemical methods like using ethanol. It is different ... Read More

Introduction The rearrangement of genetic information within and among DNA molecules encompasses a variety of processes, collectively placed under the heading of genetic recombination. Genetic events fall into three classes- Homologous Genetic Recombination - It involves the exchange of genetic information between two DNA molecules. Site-Specific ... Read More

Introduction Each human differs from the next by about 1 base pair in every 1000 base pairs. From these small genetic variations arises the human variety we are all aware of – differences in hair color, eyesight, allergies to medications, and even behavior. These variations are due to changes in ... Read More

Introduction Molecular markers also called genetic markers can be defined as the part of DNA that provide specific information about a certain location in the genome. In a pool of unknown DNA, they are used to locate the sequence of interest. Molecular markers are used in the field of genetics ... Read More

Introduction The genome of the organism refers to all the genes that work together in harmony to improve the health of an organism. But there are some genes that take control of themselves and aid their own transmission at the cost of other genes in the genome, in other ways ... Read More

Introduction DNA is the main hereditary material found in all organisms. It is a double stranded macromolecule and is found in the nucleus of the cell. DNA is composed of nitrogen bases namely adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, phosphate group and sugar. It helps in the transmission of characters from ... Read More

Introduction The central dogma of molecular biology stated the utilization of genetic information. The first process is replication, the copying of parental DNA to form daughter DNA molecules with identical nucleotide sequences. The second process is transcription, which is the process by which a genetic message present in the DNA ... Read More