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An indoor substation is one in which the entire substation is built inside a building, whereas an outdoor substation is a substation in which the equipment are installed in an open environment. Read this article to understand all the important differences between indoor and outdoor substations. Let us start this article with a brief overview on electrical substations, indoor substations, and output substations. What is a Substation? A substation or electrical substation is an arrangement of electrical equipment for changing the voltage levels of electric supply for transmission, distribution, and utilization purposes. Basically, a substation is used for the following ... Read More
A power plant is a systematic arrangement of electrical equipment used for producing electrical power. In other words, an industrial facility used for producing bulk amount of electric power is called a power plant. Power plant is also called generating station or power station. These power plants are connected to an electrical network, called grid or power grid. A typical power plant contains many electrical and mechanical equipment such as prime mover or turbine, alternators, transformers, circuit breakers, conductors, etc. A source of energy like steam/flowing water is used to rotate the prime mover that in turn drives the alternator ... Read More
In electrical power systems, electric power is generated, transmitted, and distributed in the form of alternating current. The electrical power is generated at a power generating station which is located far away from the consumer's load. The generated power is then transmitted and distributed through an electrical network to the load ends. But it is also important to note that power is generated at a lower voltage, transmitted at a higher voltage, and distributed at a lower voltage again. This voltage variation is for many technical and economic reasons. For changing this voltage at many locations in the power system, ... Read More
In electrical power systems, an instrument transformer is used in measurement and protection applications. A current transformer is nothing but a specially designed voltage step-up and current step-down electrical transformer which is used to reduce the high currents in power lines to a safe value for metering and protection applications. In practice, a current transformer is referred to as a CT. Depending on the application, there are two main types of current transformers (CTs) namely, metering current transformer and protection current transformer. Both types of current transformers are different from each other in many aspects. The primary difference between ... Read More
AIS and GIS are the two most widely used switchgear technology in the field of electrical substations. AIS stands for Air Insulated Switchgear and GIS stands for Gas Insulated Switchgear. A substation in which the insulation between phases is provided by the atmospheric air is called an air insulated substation or AIS substation. On the other hand, a substation in which the insulation within phase and between phases is provided by SF6 gas is known as a gas insulated substation or GIS substation. The primary difference between AIS substation and GIS substation is that an AIS substation uses the atmospheric ... Read More
In this article, we are given a number n that denotes the nth term of the series. Our task is to create a Program to find sum of series 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 + .... + n in C++. This series is different from the other because it include terms that are repeated according to their values. The series 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 + … + n consists of repeated terms that are repeated infinitely only by their value. Such illustration 1 comes once, ’2 twice’, ... Read More
In this article, we are given an array arr[] of N integers. Our task is to find the Maximum Sum Decreasing Subsequence in C++. A Maximum Sum Decreasing Subsequence (MSDS) is a subsequence of a given sequence of array. Here the sequence elements are ordered in decreasing arrangement and the sum of these elements is the highest. Here, given a sequence of array a1, a2, …, an, the goal is to find a subsequence ai1, ai2, …, aik, where i1>i2>…>i1, such that we say the subsequence is ai1>ai2>…>aik (ordered in a decreasing order). The sequence of terms ai1+(ai2)...+(aik) is ... Read More
In this article, we are given a number N. Our task is to create a program to find the maximum sum of distinct numbers with LCM as N in C++. To achive this first of all we need to find the sum of maximum numbers that have N as the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM). For better understanding Let us go through 3 key concepts − Least Common Multiple (LCM): The lowest common multiple(LCM) of two or more integers is the smallest positive integer that is divisible for all of the integers. For example, the LCM of 4 and 5 ... Read More
In this article, we will find the smallest difference in angles between two parts of a given circle using the C++ programming language. Before proceeding to the code, let’s first understand how we can calculate the angles to find the smallest difference between them. We are given the angles of all the pieces of the circle in the array. We have to join the pieces in such a way that the angle difference between the two pieces is the least. Let's go through the input and output scenarios for better understanding − Input and Output Here, we declare an array ... Read More
In this article, we are given two numbers n and k representing a series. Our task is to create a program in C++ that finds the sum of the sequence given below: The input cycle is the process of adding up all the numbers in the given sequence to get a single output. The process of recursion is frequently used in mathematics and may be implemented with sequences namely the arithmetic ones ( each term is acquired by adding a constant difference between the previous one) and the geometric sequence ( where each term is multiplied by a constant ratio with the former term ... Read More
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