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This article is meant for explaining different types of electric vehicles, their construction, components, working principle, and features. A type of vehicle, a car, or a bike, or any other, that uses electricity as the source of energy to run is called an electric vehicle. Today, electric vehicles are becoming one of the most popular modes of transportation because of their sustainability, low operating cost, and eco-friendliness. Traditional vehicles operating on petrol and diesel have very high operating cost and they also pollute the environment due to emissions. Till date, several different types of electric vehicles have been ... Read More
Introduction Acidic and basic compounds are always fascinating things for scientists at that time. The colour change experiment using litmus paper is commonly used for the identification of the strength of acid and bases. But it does not give proper data on the acidity and basicity of chemical compounds. The proper identification of the acidity of a chemical compound is very necessary. In the year 1909, the chemist Søren Sørensen introduced the concept of pH from the old theories that are prevailing at that time. He also introduced the pH scale which is a breakthrough of certain theories present at ... Read More
An energy meter is a device used for measuring the amount of electrical energy consumed by a load over a certain period of time. This device is essential for recording the electricity usages so that consumers can monitor and change the energy consumption patterns to reduce energy consumption and hence the bill amount. An energy meter is an important link between power supplier and consumers that allows them for efficient measurement of electricity supplied or consumed. What is an Energy Meter? An electrical device or instrument which is used for measuring the amount of electricity consumed by the consumers over ... Read More
Introduction Carbohydrates seem to be a type of naturally occurring carbonyl molecule containing many — 𝑂𝐻 groups. This might also include their derivative products, which also lead to the synthesis of certain compounds when hydrolyzed. Sugars include carbohydrates with a sweet taste that could be water-soluble. Carbohydrates constitute abundant substances in the plant as well as animal cells. Carbohydrates contained inside skeletal bones serve as food reserves for plants, arthropods, or even mammals. All of those are significant energy resources that are required for a range of metabolic activities; the energy would be provided via oxidation. What are Carbohydrates? The ... Read More
An alternator is an electromechanical energy conversion device that converts mechanical energy into alternating current electrical energy. An alternator is basically a synchronous generator that produces electricity at a certain frequency. To drive the alternator, a prime mover is used. Some commonly used prime movers are steam turbine, water turbine, gas turbine, and diesel engine. Like any other rotating electrical machine, different types of faults can also occur in an alternator. Due to these faults, we get a reduced efficiency and performance of the alternator. Further, these faults can cause malfunctioning or complete failure of the alternator that imposes ... Read More
Introduction As Friedrich Wohler demonstrated in the early 1800s, organic chemicals can be synthesised in a laboratory from minerals and other non-organic materials. The first organic compound synthesized is urea. Organic chemistry was once assumed to be limited to the study of molecules formed as part of the natural processes of living creatures. For the creation of synthetic chemicals, insecticides, and a variety of other things, modern chemistry and materials sciences have focused on the extraordinary capabilities of carbon atoms. The carbon in organic molecules is usually always linked to another carbon atom or hydrogen. Define Organic Compounds? Any kind ... Read More
In electrical machines, an induction motor is a type of alternating current (AC) motor which operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Induction motors are classified into two types depending on the power supply used; they are single-phase induction motors and three-phase induction motors. In this article, we will primarily focus on studying about three-phase induction motors and their faults. One of the important points about three-phase induction motors is that they are very commonly used in a wide range of domestic, commercial, and industrial applications due their smaller size, low cost, and higher efficiency. Before going to discuss ... Read More
Introduction The quantity of energy released or absorbed when a neutral isolated gaseous atom absorbs an $\mathrm{e^{-}}$ to create a negatively charged anion is described as electron gain enthalpy. When the $\mathrm{e^{-}}$ joins with the isolated gaseous atom, energy can be produced or absorbed, depending on whether the process is exothermic or endothermic. The greater the energy released during the mixing process, the greater the electron gain enthalpy, indicated as 𝛥𝐻𝑒𝑔. $$\mathrm{X(g)\:+\:e^{-}\rightarrow\:X^{-}(g)}$$ Normally, exothermic processes occur, resulting in a negative electron gain enthalpy. Because halogens only require one atom to achieve the noble gas configuration, they have a substantially negative ... Read More
In electrical power system, there is a device called Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) used to adjust the voltage levels within a desired limit. In other words, an automatic voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that is primarily used for regulating the output voltage of an electric generator, so that we can obtain a constant voltage even when the load is fluctuating. This tutorial will explain the construction, working, needs, advantages, and applications of automatic voltage regulators (AVRs). So, let’s start with the basic introduction of automatic voltage regulator. What is an Automatic Voltage Regulator? An AVR or Automatic Voltage Regulator ... Read More
In an electrical system, there are three types of conductors used, they are phase, neutral, and ground. In general, the neutral wire is grounded for safety and stability reasons. But sometimes, a condition occurs where the neutral wire of the systems is disconnected from the ground terminal, this condition is known as floating neutral. In some special situations, the neutral wire is intentionally left isolated from the ground terminal, this is also known as floating neutral. In this article, we will learn about floating neutral in electrical systems, its effects, causes, and methods of testing and fixing the floating ... Read More