- Electrical Machines Tutorial
- Electrical Machines - Home
- Basic Concepts
- Electromechanical Energy Conversion
- Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
- Singly-Excited and Doubly Excited Systems
- Rotating Electrical Machines
- Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Concept of Induced EMF
- Fleming’s Left Hand and Right Hand Rules
- Transformers
- Electrical Transformer
- Construction of Transformer
- EMF Equation of Transformer
- Turns Ratio and Voltage Transformation Ratio
- Ideal and Practical Transformers
- Transformer on DC
- Losses in a Transformer
- Efficiency of Transformer
- Three-Phase Transformer
- Types of Transformers
- DC Machines
- Construction of DC Machines
- Types of DC Machines
- Working Principle of DC Generator
- EMF Equation of DC Generator
- Types of DC Generators
- Working Principle of DC Motor
- Back EMF in DC Motor
- Types of DC Motors
- Losses in DC Machines
- Applications of DC Machines
- Induction Motors
- Introduction to Induction Motor
- Single-Phase Induction Motor
- Three-Phase Induction Motor
- Construction of Three-Phase Induction Motor
- Three-Phase Induction Motor on Load
- Characteristics of 3-Phase Induction Motor
- Speed Regulation and Speed Control
- Methods of Starting 3-Phase Induction Motors
- Synchronous Machines
- Introduction to 3-Phase Synchronous Machines
- Construction of Synchronous Machine
- Working of 3-Phase Alternator
- Armature Reaction in Synchronous Machines
- Output Power of 3-Phase Alternator
- Losses and Efficiency of 3-Phase Alternator
- Working of 3-Phase Synchronous Motor
- Equivalent Circuit and Power Factor of Synchronous Motor
- Power Developed by Synchronous Motor
- Electrical Machines Resources
- Electrical Machines - Quick Guide
- Electrical Machines - Resources
- Electrical Machines - Discussion
Losses in DC Machines
In DC machines (generator or motor), the losses may be classified into three categories namely,
Copper losses
Iron or core losses
Mechanical losses
All these losses appear as heat and hence raise the temperature of the machine. They also reduce the efficiency of the machine.
Copper Losses
In dc machines, the losses that occur due to resistance of the various windings of the machine are called copper losses. The copper losses are also known as I2R losses because these losses occur due to current flowing through the resistance of the windings.
The major copper losses that occur in dc machines are as,
$$\mathrm{\mathrm{Armature\:copper\:loss}\:=\:\mathit{I_{a}^{\mathrm{2}}R_{a}}}$$
$$\mathrm{\mathrm{Series\:field\:copper\:loss}\:=\:\mathit{I_{se}^{\mathrm{2}}R_{se}}}$$
$$\mathrm{\mathrm{Shunt\:field\:copper\:loss}\:=\:\mathit{I_{sh}^{\mathrm{2}}R_{sh}}}$$
In dc machines, there is also a brush contact loss due to brush contact resistance. In practical calculation, this loss is generally included in armature copper loss.
Iron Losses
The iron losses occur in core of the armature of a DC machine due to rotation of the armature in the magnetic field. Because these losses occur in core of the armature, these are also called core losses.
There are two types iron or core losses namely hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
Hysteresis Loss
The core loss that occurs in core of the armature of a dc machine due to magnetic field reversal in the armature core when it passes under the successive magnetic poles of different polarity is called hysteresis loss. The hysteresis loss is given by the following empirical formula,
$$\mathrm{\mathrm{Hysteresis\:loss,}\mathit{P_{h}}\:=\:\mathit{k_{h}B_{max}^{\mathrm{1.6}}fV}}$$
Where, $\mathit{k_{h}}$ is the Steinmetz’s hysteresis coefficient, $\mathit{B_{max}}$ the maximum flux density,f is the frequency of magnetic reversal, and V is the volume of armature core.
The hysteresis loss in dc machines can be reduced by making the armature core of such materials that have a low value of Steinmetz’s hysteresis coefficient like silicon steel.
Eddy Current Loss
When the armature of a DC machine rotates in the magnetic field of the poles, an EMF is induced in core of the armature which circulates eddy currents in it. The power loss due to these eddy currents is known as eddy current loss. The eddy current loss is given by,
$$\mathrm{\mathrm{Eddy\:current\:loss,}\mathit{P_{e}}\:=\:\mathit{k_{e}B_{max}^{\mathrm{2}}f^{\mathrm{2}}t^{\mathrm{2}}V}}$$
Where,$\mathit{K_{e}}$ is a constant of proportionality, and tis the thickness of lamination.
From the expression for eddy current loss it is clear that the eddy current loss depends upon the square of thickness of lamination. Therefore, to reduce this loss, the armature core is built up of thin laminations that are insulated from each other by a thin layer of varnish.
Mechanical Losses
The power losses due to friction and windage in a dc machine are known as mechanical losses. In a dc machine, the friction loss occurs in form of bearing friction, brush friction, etc. while the windage loss occurs due to air friction of rotating armature.
The mechanical losses depend upon the speed of the machine. But these losses are practically constant for a given speed.
Note− Iron or core losses and mechanical losses together are known as stray losses.
Constant and Variable Losses
In DC machines, we may group the above discussed losses in the following two categories −
Constant Losses
Variable Losses
Those losses in a DC machine that remain constant at all loads are called constant losses. These losses include − iron losses, shunt field copper loss, and mechanical losses.
Those losses in a DC machine that vary with load are known as variable losses. The variable losses in a DC machine are − armature copper loss and series field copper loss.
Total losses in a DC machine = Constant losses + Variable losses